Plot size under field conditions to determine soybean agronomic characteristics

Within the field of performance of agricultural experimentation we have some obstacles related to conducting experiments, the biggest of which is the comparison between treatments with the greatest possible precision, in order to arrive at safe conclusions from the observed results. The objective of this work was to evaluate the relationship between the plot sizes and the stand determination, height at maturation, as well as soybean yield. Three areas were cultivated with soybean for this purpose. In the plant stand determination 18 plot sizes were tested, at the plant height at maturation 14 sizes were tested, and 10 sizes were tested for productivity. The characteristics measurement was performed in triplicate for each plot size, randomly distributed within each area. The characteristic mean for each plot size allowed the adjustment subjective of two regression models, one facing up and one facing down. At the point where the difference among the adjusted models reached the value of the sample standard deviation, the ideal minimum plot size was determined. The evaluation of 14.3 linear m is required in the soybean plants stand determination. It is necessary to quantify 26 plants to guarantee an ideal estimate of the soybean plants at maturity height. It is necessary crop 22 m2 plot to safeguard an ideal estimate of soybean yield

Aqueous extract of tiririca, bio-stimulant and micronutrient in beet productivity and quality parameters

The use of stimulants in the beet crop can serve as a complement in the production and quality of the final product. In order to compare and evaluate the effects of physiological activators and aqueous extracts of tiririca on the parameters of beet quality and productivity, an experiment was conducted at the field in the municipality of Formosa do Oeste (Paraná, Brazil), in a typical dystroferric RED LATOSOL. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with four treatments (T1 - control, T2 - Stimulate® 0.004%, T3 - tiririca (Cyperus rotundus L.) 10%, T4 - Starter® 0.004%), with seven replicates. The seedlings were kept in the soil for 24 h in each treatment and then taken to the field and planted in beds. Leaf height (cm), number of leaves, stem length (cm), root diameter (cm), slight effects (%), serious effects (%) and productivity (t ha-1) were evaluated. Micronutrient application increased yields by around 5 t ha-1. The aqueous extract of tiririca and biostimulant presented a larger root diameter in the beet

Determinação da maturidade fisiológica de Caesalpinia peltophoroides Benth. pela coloração de sementes

As sementes são eficientes meios de propagação das plantas, especialmente as de espécies nativas como a Caesalpinia peltophoroides. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se com o presente trabalho determinar o momento ideal de coleta das sementes, seguindo o parâmetro da coloração das sementes, visando obter maiores porcentuais germinativo e de vigor. As matrizes foram obtidas em municípios do oeste do Paraná (Marechal Cândido Rondon, Palotina e Quatro Pontes) e os tratamentos utilizaram foram: T1 - sementes marrom escuras; T2 - sementes marrons; T3 - sementes beges; T4 - sementes verdes. Foram mensuradas a largura (cm) das sementes amostradas, comprimento (cm), espessura (cm) e o peso de 100 sementes (g). Além de testes de condutividade elétrica, germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação (IVG) e sementes mortas. A partir das plântulas, foram medidos os comprimentos de parte aérea, biomassa seca da parte aérea e a biomassa seca da raiz em gramas. A coloração que melhor se destacou entre os parâmetros avaliados, foi onde as sementes se encontravam beges, seguido das verdes, apresentando maiores médias de germinação, 45 e 34,17%, respectivamente. As sementes beges apresentaram maior IVG (19,84%), e o segundo menor índice de condutividade elétrica (80,5 µS cm-1 g-1 de sementes), perdendo apenas para as sementes verdes (21,14 mS cm-1 g-1). A semente estará apta a semeadura quando apresentar coloração bege e o estádio mais prejudicial para a semeadura seria quando as sementes apresentarem tegumento marrom escura, pois é expressarão menor vigor e maior taxa de mortalidade

A multidisciplinary approach to investigate the osteobiography of the Roman Imperial population from Muracciola Torresina (Palestrina, Rome, Italy)

The present research provides the osteobiographical reconstruction of the Roman Imperial population of the rural area of Muracciola Torresina (Palestrina, Rome, Italy) through an innovative multidisciplinary approach, combining evidence from skeletal biology, biomolecules and archaeobotany. The excavation of the site, unearthed 76 individuals: 84.2% adults and 15.8% non-adults. Morphological examination showed a higher prevalence of females with respect to males (M:F = 0.89). Musculoskeletal stress marker analysis highlighted a probable division of daily tasks between sexes; the observed modifications mainly affected the upper limbs with a particular involvement of shoulder and elbow joints. The population seems to have experienced physically strenuous life conditions, as suggested by the high frequency of degenerative and infectious diseases. Carbon and nitrogen stable isotope data supported an omnivorous diet mainly based on C3 plants and terrestrial animal protein. No statistically significant difference was found between sexes or age classes, even though a discrete variability of nitrogen isotopic values was observed which was hypothesized to reflect the consumption of pulses by certain individuals with the lowest values. Microscopic analysis of dental calculus detected Triticeae starch granules in the majority of the analyzed individuals. Chromatographic profiles additionally revealed the presence of ephedrine derivatives in the calculus of two individuals, an alkaloid which might indicate the consumption of Ephedra species used as medicinal plant due to its bronchodilator, nasal decongestant and vasoconstrictor properties. This use of multiple cutting-edge techniques has revealed a detailed snapshot of the diet and lifeways of the first Roman Imperial population to be recovered from the area of ancient Praeneste