The Impact of Napoleon Bonaparte in Egypt

In 1789 the French Directory authorized Napoleon Bonaparte to invade Egypt, thus introducing Egypt to modern French civilization. At this time Egypt was still ruled by the Mamluks who served under the Sublime Porte of the Ottoman Empire with little to no interference from the far away Porte. As explained by Jeremy Black, neither the Directory nor Napoleon were overly concerned with making enemies of the dying Ottoman Empire: “Napoleon assumed that the Turks could be intimidated or bribed into accepting the French invasion…”1 . This adverse view of the Porte demonstrates the typical Western behavior and stereotypes towards Muslims and Middle Easterners as weaker than or less than European powers. The French invasion of Egypt cemented already prevalent stereotypes in both the Middle East and the West into the modern era. These stereotypes alongside the Porte’s inability to protect Egypt from invasion “proved” to the West that they were easily able to take territory from the Ottoman Empire and framed this imperialism as re-building civilization that lapsed under Ottoman rule. France’s attempt to colonize Egypt would ultimately fail due to Napoleon’s deplorable actions in Egypt and his false claim to authority despite no military support coming from the Directory (as a result of the blockade set into place by the British and Porte alliance)

Confronting the Early Relationship Between the United States and Saudi Arabia

Saudi Arabia has remained a staunch ally of the United States since 1945, the early days of the Cold War. The U.S. focused on Saudi Arabia as an ally in Southwest Asia mainly because of the U.S.’s need for oil in a modernizing world. But as the Cold War continued, Saudi Arabia served as a strong agent against the spread of Communism in the region. As the self-proclaimed Islamic leader to the Arab world, Saudi Arabia held, and continues to hold, significant influence over Arab nations in Southwest Asia. The U.S.’s promise of protection for the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia has lasted through the Cold War, which insinuates that the U.S. planned to use its connection with Saudi Arabia to expand its influence over the wider region known as the Middle East. Letters between U.S. presidents and the Saudi Arabian monarchy, letters between the U.S. State Department and officials of Saudi Arabia, and Western newspaper articles covering Saudi Arabia between 1945 and 1953 are the main sources used to examine the relationship established between the U.S. and Saudi Arabia. The U.S.’s intention in Southwest Asia was not only to stop the spread of Communism or protect American oil, but establish an authoritative presence in Southwest Asia through an alliance with Saudi Arabia

Counternarratives

Alexandra Bell is telling stories, perhaps differently than she once envisioned. She studied journalism as a graduate student at Columbia University, on track for what she thought would be a career in journalism. But along the way her interests drifted toward art, and her eye on newspapers began to zero in how stories were being told and presented and how much of that was shaped by biases and stereotypes. Those revelations led her in a new, creative direction. For much of the past five years, the New York-based multidisciplinary artist has used her Counternarratives art exhibits as a form of commentary on media storytelling. “A lot of what this is about is the ways in which you can kind of disrupt dominant narratives and what it means to kind of draw from the news to tell a different story,” Bell said as she delivered the Winter Term Convocation Friday afternoon in Lawrence University’s Memorial Chapel. Counternarratives began as a public art exhibit in 2017, her redacted pages of the New York Times hanging on walls at intersections across Brooklyn, drawing attention to how the 2014 death of Michael Brown at the hands of a police officer in Ferguson, Missouri, was covered. Her work began to draw attention to media coverage involving people of color, and the clandestine exhibit, initially hung with homemade wheatpaste, eventually brought Bell into art galleries. Some of her works are now on exhibit at Lawrence’s Wriston Art Center and will remain there through March 11, 2022

Invisible Force: Farmers\u27 Mental Models and How They Influence Learning and Actions

The ways in which farmers put their visions into action are indicative of their mental models of farming. This qualitative study explored the nature of mental models of farming and their role in farming practices among a sample of small farm operators. Three themes emerged in the data indicating that farmers\u27 mental models of farming are influenced by prior values and knowledge, serve as guides in learning and decision-making, and are unique to each farmer. Educators who consider the mental models of farmers are more likely to succeed in supporting farmers\u27 development of new knowledge and skills

The Career Advancement Experiences of Female Faculty of Color in Athletic Training Education Programs

Healthcare professions are currently experiencing increased professional member diversity, necessitating an investigation of employee workplace experiences and career advancement. Yet, the rate of female faculty of color in athletic training education programs is inconsistent with athletic training membership diversity rates. This study explores their career advancement and mentoring experiences

Patients’ Mental Models and Adherence to Outpatient Physical Therapy Home Exercise Programs

Non-adherence to medical advice leads to costly physical and financial repercussions. Previous research suggests individuals’ mental models, comprising knowledge, beliefs, and prior experiences, may influence adherence behavior. This study explores these relationships by linking aspects of physical therapy patients’ mental models with their adherence to home exercise programs

Continuity and Change: Themes of Mental Model Development Among Small-Scale Farmers

Farmers\u27 mental models of farming influence their learning, decisions, and actions. Sometimes realizing opportunities for success requires farmers to challenge assumptions embedded in their mental models. The qualitative study described here explored how a group of small-scale farmers developed mental models of farming and the conditions under which their models changed. Two themes emerged indicating that farmers developed and reinforced existing mental models through discovery learning and problem solving and that an activating event may trigger transformation of an existing mental model. Understanding how farmers develop mental models can help educators design learning programs and services that enable farmers to succeed

Overdiagnosis due to screening mammography for women aged 40 years and over

This is a protocol for a Cochrane Review. The objective was to assess the effect of screening mammography for breast cancer on overdiagnosis in women aged 40 years and older at average risk of breast cancer

Brain-based cognitive processes that underlie feedback between adult students and instructors

Feedback is ranked among the top 5 to 10 highest influences on academic achievement. Recent advances in neurosciences enable understanding feedback in post-secondary settings as a reciprocal process that is mediated by brain-based cognitive processes common to both students and instructors. We describe three of these processes. The first process explains how feedback often involves tacit emotional responses. The second process highlights how prior experiences with feedback influence current experience. The last process relates to the development of personal mental models of feedback. We offer a set of implications for best practices based on these cognitive processes shared by students and instructors