Физические механизмы подъёма балластных гранул при прохождении высокоскоростных поездов

The article analyzes the mechanisms of crushed stone flying on high-speed railways. The objective of the work was to study and identify main mechanisms entailing flight of crushed stone from the ballast bed. It is substantiated that the main mechanism consists in squeezing of crushed stone particles from the upper layer of granules and their rise above the crushed stone bed following the action of longitudinal and transverse stresses in ballast, and that the most probable places of ejection of crushed stone particles is the border of contact between sleepers and the upper layer of the crushed stone bed.The physics of this process is presented, which consists in lifting ballast by turbulent vortices, suspension of crushed stone particles over the bed under the influence of vibration, in collision of moving particles and the process of squeezing and ejection of ballast granules. The reasons for the occurrence of horizontal and lateral stresses in crushed stone ballast are shown.В статье проанализированы механизмы вылета щебня при высокоскоростном движении. Целью работы является исследование и выявление основного механизма вылета щебня из балластной постели. Обосновано, что им является выдавливание частиц из верхнего слоя гранул и их подъём над щебёночной постелью в результате действия продольных и поперечных напряжений в балласте, а наиболее вероятным местом их вылета является граница контакта шпал и верхнего слоя щебёночной постели.Представлена физика этого процесса, состоящая в подъёме балласта турбулентными вихрями, «взвешивании» частиц щебня над постелью под действием вибрации, в соударении движущихся частиц и процессе выдавливания и вылета гранул балласта.Показаны причины возникновения горизонтальных и поперечных напряжений в щебёночном балласте

Breakdown of PCAC in diffractive neutrino interactions

We test the hypothesis of partially conserved axial current (PCAC) in high energy diffractive neutrino production of pions. Since the pion pole contribution to the Adler relation (AR) is forbidden by conservation of the lepton current, the heavier states, like the a_1 pole, \rho-\pi-cut, etc., control the lifetime of the hadronic fluctuations of the neutrino. We evaluate the deviation from the AR in diffractive neutrino-production of pions on proton and nuclear targets. At high energies, when all the relevant time scales considerably exceed the size of the target, the AR explicitly breaks down on an absorptive target, such as a heavy nucleus. In this regime, close to the black disc limit, the off-diagonal diffractive amplitudes vanish, while the diagonal one, \pi->\pi, which enters the AR, maximizes and saturates the unitarity bound. At lower energies, in the regime of short lifetime of heavy hadronic fluctuations the AR is restored, i.e. it is not altered by the nuclear effects.Comment: 10 pages, 5 figure

Cyclotron Resonance Assisted Photocurrents in Surface States of a 3D Topological Insulator Based on a Strained High Mobility HgTe Film

We report on the observation of cyclotron resonance induced photocurrents, excited by continuous wave terahertz radiation, in a 3D topological insulator (TI) based on an 80 nm strained HgTe film. The analysis of the photocurrent formation is supported by complimentary measurements of magneto-transport and radiation transmission. We demonstrate that the photocurrent is generated in the topologically protected surface states. Studying the resonance response in a gated sample we examined the behavior of the photocurrent, which enables us to extract the mobility and the cyclotron mass as a function of the Fermi energy. For high gate voltages we also detected cyclotron resonance (CR) of bulk carriers, with a mass about two times larger than that obtained for the surface states. The origin of the CR assisted photocurrent is discussed in terms of asymmetric scattering of TI surface carriers in the momentum space. Furthermore, we show that studying the photocurrent in gated samples provides a sensitive method to probe the effective masses and the mobility of 2D Dirac surface states, when the Fermi level lies in the bulk energy gap or even in the conduction band

Diffractive neutrino-production of pions on nuclei: Adler relation within the color-dipole description

Effects of coherence in neutrino-production of pions off nuclei are studied employing the color dipole representation and path integral technique. If the nucleus remains intact, the process is controlled by the interplay of two length scales. One is related to the pion mass and is quite long (at low Q^2), while the other, associated with heavy axial-vector states, is much shorter. The Adler relation is found to be broken at all energies, but especially strongly at \nu > 10 GeV, where the cross section is suppressed by a factor ~A^{-1/3}. On the contrary, in a process where the recoil nucleus breaks up into fragments, the Adler relation turns out to be strongly broken at low energies, where the cross section is enhanced by a factor ~A^{1/3}, but has a reasonable accuracy at higher energies, where all the coherence length scales become long.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figure

Влияние точности позиционирования онкологических пациентов в положении проведения лучевой терапии с использованием медицинских линейных ускорителей электронов на параметры доставляемого им индивидуального трехмерного дозового распределения

Due to the rapid development and further improvement of radiation treatment technologies oncologists have an opportunity to precisely deliver individual dose distributions to the tumor, minimizing the doses obtained by critical organs and healthy structures. For the correct and successful application of these complex methods of radiation therapy, it was necessary to enforce the requirements for the technical and dosimetric parameters of the radiotherapy equipment. The purpose of the research is to determine the magnitude of the possible error for patients’ positioning during their radiotherapy treatments using medical linear accelerators by modeling the impact of the patient’s body on the treatment couch. To determine the values of a possible error, the authors have considered the design and characteristics of a typical treatment couch, developed a model of the “average” patient’s body (phantom), which allowed changing the load to the treatment couch with a step of 1 kg. The position parameters of treatment couches were determined for the main types of localization of radiation therapy for malignant tumors: head and neck tumors, breast tumors and pelvic tumors. Numerical values of the treatment coach deviations from prescribed horizontal position were experimentally established for a load from 40 to 180 kg for a treatment couch used at the N.N. Alexandrov National Cancer Centre of Belarus. Based on the obtained experimental data, the necessity to correct the patient's treatment conditions at the stage of treatment planning were confirmed in order to ensure the delivery accuracy of individual dose distributions as required by the radiation therapy protocols. Authors stated that an analysis of the dependence of the deviations in the dose delivered to the patients on the deviation of the radiotherapy table from its horizontal position should be carried out for each radiotherapy table used in clinical practice. The development and implementation of a mechanism that will allow considering this information when choosing the parameters of the patient’s treatment session and prescribing the dose for any localization of malignant neoplasms is needed.В результате развития лучевой терапии онкологических заболеваний у врачей – радиационных онкологов появилась возможность прецизионно доставлять индивидуальные дозовые распределения в объем опухоли, максимально снизив дозовые нагрузки на критические органы, находящиеся в непосредственной близости к зоне облучения. Однако для корректного применения таких методов терапии необходимо было ужесточить требования, предъявляемые к технико-дозиметрическим параметрам радиотерапевтического оборудования, точности настройки и калибровки его геометрических, механических и радиационных параметров. Цель работы – определение величины возможной ошибки при позиционировании пациента в положении проведения лучевого лечения с использованием медицинских линейных ускорителей электронов путем моделирования воздействия тела пациента на радиотерапевтический стол (РТС). Для определения величин ошибки авторами рассмотрена конструкция и характеристики типовых РТС, разработана модель «среднего» тела пациента, позволяющая изменять нагрузку на терапевтическую поверхность (ТП) РТС с шагом 1 кг. Определены параметры положения ТП для основных локализаций лучевой терапии злокачественных новообразований: опухолей головного мозга и шеи, опухолей грудной клетки и малого таза. Экспериментально установлены численные величины отклонения ТП в изоцентре радиационного поля от предписанного горизонтального положения при нагрузке на нее от 40 до 180 кг для ТП, используемых в РНПЦ онкологии и медицинской радиологии им. Н.Н. Александрова. На основании полученных экспериментальных данных показана необходимость проведения коррекции условий облучения пациента на этапе моделирования параметров его лечения для обеспечения требуемой протоколами лучевой терапии точности доставки индивидуальных дозовых распределений, для чего следует провести анализ зависимости отклонений в дозе, доставляемой пациентам, от величины отклонения ТП РТС от горизонтального положения для каждого используемого в клинической практике РТС, а также разработать и внедрить механизм, который позволит учитывать эту информацию при выборе параметров сеанса облучения и предписания дозы для любой локализации злокачественных новообразовани

Index-free Heat Kernel Coefficients

Using index-free notation, we present the diagonal values of the first five heat kernel coefficients associated with a general Laplace-type operator on a compact Riemannian space without boundary. The fifth coefficient appears here for the first time. For a flat space with a gauge connection, the sixth coefficient is given too. Also provided are the leading terms for any coefficient, both in ascending and descending powers of the Yang-Mills and Riemann curvatures, to the same order as required for the fourth coefficient. These results are obtained by directly solving the relevant recursion relations, working in Fock-Schwinger gauge and Riemann normal coordinates. Our procedure is thus noncovariant, but we show that for any coefficient the `gauged' respectively `curved' version is found from the corresponding `non-gauged' respectively `flat' coefficient by making some simple covariant substitutions. These substitutions being understood, the coefficients retain their `flat' form and size. In this sense the fifth and sixth coefficient have only 26 and 75 terms respectively, allowing us to write them down. Using index-free notation also clarifies the general structure of the heat kernel coefficients. In particular, in flat space we find that from the fifth coefficient onward, certain scalars are absent. This may be relevant for the anomalies of quantum field theories in ten or more dimensions.Comment: 38 pages, LaTe

Relativistic Effects in the Scalar Meson Dynamics

A separable potential formalism is used to describe the $\pi\pi$ and $K\overline{K}$ interactions in the scalar-isoscalar states in the energy range from the $\pi\pi$ threshold up to 1.4 GeV. Introduction of relativistic propagators into a system of Lippmann-Schwinger equations leads to a very good description of the data ($\chi^{2}=0.93$ per one degree of freedom). Three poles are found in this energy region: fo(500) ($M=506\pm 10$ MeV, $\Gamma=494\pm 5$ MeV), fo(975) ($M=973\pm 2$ MeV, $\Gamma=29\pm 2$ MeV) and fo(1400) ($M=1430\pm 5$ MeV, $\Gamma=145\pm 25$ MeV). The fo(975) state can be interpreted as a $K\overline{K}$ bound state. The fo(500) state may be associated with the often postulated very broad scalar resonance under the $K\overline{K}$ threshold (sometimes called $\sigma$ or $\epsilon$ meson). The scattering lengths in the $\pi\pi$ and $K\overline{K}$ channels have also been obtained. The relativistic approach provides qualitatively new results (e.g. the appearance of the fo(500)) in comparison with previously used nonrelativistic approach.Comment: 30 pages in LaTeX + 5 figures available on request. Preprint Orsay No IPNO/TH 93-3