Responses of CYP450 dependent system to aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons body burden in transplanted mussels from South coast of Portugal

Mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis were cross-transplanted at South Portugal from a reference site (site 1) to a site more contaminated with hydrocarbon compounds (site 2), and vice versa, in an active biomonitoring (ABM) concept, to assess the biotransformation capacity catalyzed by the mixed function oxygenase (MFO) system. Total alkanes (TAlk), the unresolved complex mixture (UCM), and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (TPAHs) concentration increased respectively 6, 4.4 and 4.2 fold relatively to control, in mussels transplanted from site 1 to 2. In the cross-transplant, a 48, 57 and 62% depuration of TAlk, UCM and TPAHs concentrations occurred by the end of the 3-4th week. Petrogenic and biogenic (marine and terrigenous) sources of AHs, and petrogenic and pyrolitic (biomass and oil/fuel incomplete combustion) sources of PAHs were detected at both sites. CYP450, CYT b (5) and NADPH-RED in mussels transplanted from site 1 to 2 were induced from day 0 to 28, with a total increase of 35, 32 and 35%, respectively, while biochemical equilibrium to lesser environmental contamination occurs in mussels transplanted from site 2 to 1. A significant relationship between CYP450 and NADPH-RED was found with TPAH, with distinctive behavior at the two sites. MFO system components increase with exposure time at one site and decreases in the other, reflecting an adaptation to distinct environmental hydrocarbon loads. The ABM strategy proved to be useful to understand the environment real impact on the biochemical responses in mussels' local populations. In this study, CYP450 and NADPH-RED are a useful biomarker for hydrocarbon exposure.FCT: PRAXIS XXI/BD/3740/94info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Avaliação da contaminação por hidrocarbonetos de petróleo em mexilhões Mytilus galloprovincialis da costa sul de Portugal. O sistema MFO como biomarcador de contaminação

Tese dout., Ciências e Tecnologias do Ambiente, Universidade do Algarve, 2009O crescimento da actividade industrial verificada durante o século passado resultou num rápido aumento da entrada de uma grande variedade de contaminantes orgânicos potencialmente tóxicos no ambiente estuarino e zonas costeiras, tais como os hidrocarbonetos do petróleo. A costa Portuguesa é atravessada por alguns dos principais e mais movimentados Esquemas de Separação de Tráfego (ESTs) de navios de/para o Mediterrâneo, Norte da Europa, África e América, apresentando um risco considerável de poluição marinha. Nesta dissertação, o impacto de hidrocarbonetos do petróleo (fracção alifática e aromática) foi avaliada pelo uso integrado de análises químicas e de respostas bioquímicas específicas, como o citocromo P450 (componente principal do sistema MFO) em mexilhões Mytilus galloprovincialis recolhidos em 8 locais da costa Sul de Portugal. A concentração dos hidrocarbonetos alifáticos (HAs) e aromáticos policíclicos (PAHs) avaliada nos mexilhões permite discriminar entre locais com contaminação ambiental elevada a muito elevada (Vilamoura-VM e Olhão-OL) e locais onde a contaminação ambiental apresenta valores considerados de base (Faro-FR e Tavira-TV). A variação sazonal revela concentrações mais elevadas no Outono e Inverno, relativamente à Primavera e ao Verão. Os n-alcanos, isoprenoides e PAHs individuais indicam contaminações petrogénicas e pirolíticas, com origem em petróleo/óleo não queimado, combustão incompleta de combustíveis fósseis e combustão de biomassa. A acumulação de hidrocarbonetos nos tecidos dos mexilhões decresce ao longo do tempo, indicando uma redução da influência antropogénica e uma melhoria geral das condições ambientais. A variação sazonal e espacial da concentração de citocromo P450 (CYP450) apresenta o mesmo padrão que o dos hidrocarbonetos, existindo uma relação significativa entre si. Os mexilhões foram transplantados de um local limpo (TV) para um local contaminado (VM), e vice-versa. Nos ensaios de vi transplante os organismos acumulam hidrocarbonetos de modo diferente, adquirindo os mexilhões características do local para onde foram transplantados. A acumulação de hidrocarbonetos está directamente relacionada com a concentração de CYP450, enfatizando o metabolismo deste tipo de compostos pelo mexilhão M. galloprovincialis.Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT

Human impact in the Ria Formosa lagoon

The Ria Formosa lagoon is a complex, economic, social-ecological system that provides valuable ecosystem services and benefits for the region. Nevertheless, the presence of hazardous substances such as metals, persistent organic compounds (POPs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and emerging contaminants, including personal care products (PCPs) and pharmaceutical compounds, is a cause of concern for the sustainability of the lagoon. It can be concluded that the Ria Formosa lagoon is in danger, therefore management decisions need to be taken to reduce discharges and enable remediation. These will both protect and depollute, in order to decrease the impact of the mixtures of hazard substances and improve economic sustainability in the future.Project TOSCI – “Ambiente Participativo de Realidade Virtual 3D como ferramenta para o Turismo Científico na Ria Formosa", financed by CRESC Algarve 2020, PORTUGAL 2020 and FEDER (Fundo Europeu de desenvolvimento Regional).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A multibiomarker approach in the clam Ruditapes decussatus to assess the impact of pollution in the Ria Formosa lagoon, South Coast of Portugal

The Ria Formosa lagoon is an ecosystem whose water quality reflects the anthropogenic influence upon the surrounding areas. In this lagoon, the clam Ruditapes decussatus has a great economical importance and has been widely used as a biomonitor. A multibiomarker approach (d-aminolevulinic acid dehy- dratase, metallothionein, lipid peroxidation, acetylcholinesterase, alkali-labile phosphates, DNA damage) was applied to assess the environmental quality of this ecosystem and the accumulation of contaminants and their potential adverse effects on clams. Clams were sampled in different shellfish beds in the period between July 2007 and December 2008 and abiotic parameters (temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen of seawater and organic matter in the sediment), condition index, metals (Cd, Cu, Zn, Ni, Pb), TBTs and PAHs concentrations were measured in clam tissues. Data was integrated using Principal Component Analyses and biomarker indices: IBR (Integrated Biomarker Response) and HSI (Health Status Index). This multibiomarker approach enabled discrimination of a time and space trend between sites with different degrees of anthropogenic contamination, identifying one of them (site 2) as the most stressful and summer months as the most critical period for clams due to an increase of environmental stress (anthropogenic pressure along with extreme environmental conditions, e.g. temperature, dissolved oxygen, organic matter in the sediments, etc). The selected biomarkers provided an integrated response to assess the environmental quality of the system, proving to be a useful approach when complex mixtures of contaminants occur

Evidence of contamination by oil and oil products in the Santos-Sao Vicente estuary, Sao Paulo, Brazil

Different components of the mixed function oxidase (MFO) system and the levels of fluorescent aromatic compounds in bile (FACs) were measured in Cathorops spixii in order to assess the impact of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Fish were sampled in an estuary (Santos/Sao Vicente) with a history of contamination by PAHs, mainly due to the presence of the industrial complex of Cubatao city and of another of low anthropogenic influence (Cananeia) on the Brazilian coast. FACs were higher in fish from the polluted site, and the PAH 5 and 6-ring metabolites were the most frequent - with 14% and 15%, respectively. Levels of the different components of the MFO system showed the same variation profile as the FACs for both estuaries. Therefore, the values found for somatic indexes and biomarkers with data of bile PAH metabolites indicate the presence of organic contaminants, especially in the area subject to the influence of the industrial complex on the Santos/Sao Vicente estuary.CAPES (Brazilian Agency for Science and Technology); Oceanographic Institute of Sao Paulo University; Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Chemistry of the University of Algarve; CAPES-PDEE [BEX 2176/07-6]info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Os efeitos adversos da atividade humana na Ria Formosa

A Ria Formosa é um sistema lagunar que apresenta uma grande diversidade e complexidade estrutural, fornecendo serviços e benefícios valiosos para a região. No entanto, a presença de substâncias perigosas constitui um motivo de preocupação, pois pode colocar em perigo este sistema, sendo necessário uma gestão adequada, que permita a redução de pressões derivadas das atividades humanas, para uma melhor sustentabilidade futura deste ecossistema.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Comparative petroleum hydrocarbons levels and biochemical responses in mussels from hydrothermal vents (Bathymodiolus azoricus) and coastal environments (Mytilus galloprovincialis)

Aliphatic hydrocarbons and PAHs in the whole soft tissues of Bathymodiolus azoricus from three Mid-Atlantic Ridge hydrothermal vents (Menez-Gwen, Lucky Strike and Rainbow), and Mytilus galloprovincialis from three contaminated coastal sites in South Portugal were analysed, and its effects on the digestive gland microsomes mixed-function oxygenase system (MFO) were assessed. Aliphatic hydrocarbons levels were present in the same magnitude in both coastal and hydrothermal environments, while the UCM (unresolved complex mixture) for coastal mussels were higher than in vent mussels. In general, significantly higher PAHs concentrations were found in coastal mussels, compared to B. azoricus where low molecular weight PAHs (2-3 rings) represented the majority of PAHs contrarily to what was observed in M. galloprovincialis. The MFO components were present in both mussel species, and were detected in vent mussels for the first time. However this system seems to have different roles in species from these contrasting environments. In coastal mussels MFO responded to hydrocarbon contamination while response in hydrothermal organisms appeared to be related mainly to endogenous factors.PDCTM/P/MAR/15281/1999, PRAXIS XXI/BD/3740/94info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

A multibiomarker approach in Mytilus galloprovincialis to assess environmental quality

A multibiomarker approach was carried out for the first time in the South Portuguese Coast using Mytilus galloprovincialis, to assess environmental quality, establish if there are adverse biological responses associated to different sources of anthropogenic contamination and to determine spatial and seasonal trends. For this purpose the battery of biomarkers selected was: superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidases (GPx total and Se dependent), Cytochrome P450 component system, Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE), metallothionein (MT) and lead-delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD), lipid peroxidation (LPO) and Condition Index (CI) along with the determination of PAHs and metals (Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn). Results show that despite the levels of both organic and metallic contaminants in these eight spots in the South Coast of Portugal not being particularly high compared with other contaminated/polluted sites worldwide, the selected battery of biomarkers responded efficiently to the environmental changes and allowed an environmental assessment between seasons and sites. Different spatial and seasonal responses were evident along the South Coast of Portugal, meaning that the contamination is not homogeneous. This does not only reflect different competition, origin and intensity of contamination, but also different environmental conditions (e.g. temperature, salinity). Along the South Portuguese Coast site 8 was the most contaminated, while site 2 was considered the least contaminated. Despite environmental factors possibly causing difficulties in the general interpretation of biomarker data, those that better responded to environmental contamination were CYP450, SOD-mit and T-GPx for the summation SigmaPAHs, MT (digestive gland) for metals (especially Cu), ALAD for Pb and LPO for both organic and metallic contamination. These biomarkers were also positively correlated with temperature in summer, revealing this as a more stressful/critical season. In future environmental contamination assessments there is no need to analyse the components b5, P418, NADH and NADPH of phase I MFO system, and MT in the gills, since their responses are not evident.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Multi-biomarker responses to estuarine habitat contamination in three fish species: Dicentrarchus labrax, Solea senegalensis and Pomatoschistus microps

Several biomarker responses were determined in three fish species, Dicentrarchus labrax, Solea senegalensis and Pomatoschistus microps, from two estuaries of the Portuguese coast, Ria de Aveiro and Tejo. Both estuaries have significant anthropogenic influences from multiple sources (industrial, agricultural and shipping activities), which was evident from sediment chemical characterization concerning metal (copper, zinc, nickel, lead and chromium) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations. Spatial variability in fish responses was observed across species for most biomarkers of exposure [the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), and metallothionein concentrations (MT)] and effect biomarkers [lipid peroxidation (LPO), RNA to DNA ratio (R:D), protein and lipid content]. In general, the interspecific differences in biomarker responses were greater than the spatial differences, due to differences in the behavior and habitat use of the species. Nevertheless, similarities were also observed considering both chemical load and biomarker responses. In highly polluted sites fish showed in general a significant antioxidant enzyme induction, associated with decreased R:D values, while fish from the least impacted site had little enzyme induction and better condition indices (high R:D and low LPO values). EROD activity was also higher for all species in the Tejo than Ria de Aveiro estuary, despite the generally higher total PAH measured in Ria de Aveiro, most likely due to a higher proportion of 4 and 6-ring PAHs, considered more toxic than low molecular weight PAHs, in the Tejo. In conclusion, this multi-biomarker approach considering multiple species provided improved understanding of the diverse responses and effects of exposure to contaminants and the effective risk it poses for different fish species.FEDER—Portuguese Fisheries Programme (MARE); Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Short-term variability of multiple biomarker response in fish from estuaries: Influence of environmental dynamics

Short-term variability in biomarker responses and the effects of temperature and salinity variation were explored in three fish species (Dicentrarchus labrax, Solea senegalensis and Pomatoschistus microps) occurring in the Tejo estuary. Short-term variability in biomarkers was observed in all species although no pattern was discerned over time (days to weeks). Antioxidant enzymes activity (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)) showed low temporal variability, indicating some constancy or baseline level in antioxidant responses. Only CAT activity in S. senegalensis was correlated with temperature, suggesting that exposure to contaminants triggered antioxidant acclimation. Higher short-term variability was observed in xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes activity (phase I ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and phase II glutathione S-transferase (GST)). Yet a significant correlation between EROD and GST in D. labrax and S. senegalensis suggests a concomitant response to contaminants. Moreover the lack of correlation between xenobiotic biotransformation enzymes and abiotic variables on concordant time scales, suggest a high specificity of these biomarkers to chemical exposure, rather than high variability due to environmental dynamics.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio