Physico-chemical characterization of nano-emulsions in cosmetic matrix enriched on omega-3

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Nano-emulsions, as non-equilibrium systems, present characteristics and properties which depend not only on composition but also on their method of preparation. To obtain better penetration, nanocosmeceuticals use nano-sized systems for the delivery of active ingredients to targeted cells. In this work, nano-emulsions composed of miglyol, rapeseed oil and salmon oil were developed as a cosmetic matrix. Measurements of different physico-chemical properties of nano-emulsions were taken according to size, electrophoretic mobility, conductivity, viscosity, turbidity, cristallization and melting point. The RHLB was calculated for each formulation in order to achieve maximum stability.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Both tween 80 and soya lecithin were found to stabilize formulations. The results showed that rapeseed oil and miglyol are the predominant parameters for determining the expression of results concerning the characterization of emulsion. Based on the mixture design, we achieved the optimal point using the following formulation: 56.5% rapessed oil, 35.5% miglyol, and 8% salmon oil. We considered this formulation to be the best as a nanocosmeceutical product due to the small size, good turbidity, and average HLB.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>This study demonstrates the influence of formulation on the physico-chemical properties of each nano-emulsion obtained by the mixture design.</p

Nano-émulsion naturelle de phospholipides marins, issus d’un complexe phospholipopeptidique provenant d’un procédé de valorisation de co-produits de saumon, et applications à la vectorisation de molécules faiblement biodisponibles

The benefits of omega 3 fatty acids, mainly EPA (C20:5n-3) and DHA (C22:6n-3) are well understood in the literature. They indeed play an essential role in the prevention of many neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. These polyunsaturated fatty acids are mostly found in marine sources. In this context, we were interested on the effects of phospholipopeptidic complex from the enzymatic hydrolysis of salmon heads on anxiety and oxidative stress using a behavioural study (mouse model). On the other hand, we have developed a double vectorization operating nanoemulsions, to increase the bioavailability of two hydrophobic and bioactive molecules (conenzyme Q10 and curcumine) by total lipids (phospholipids and triacylglycerols) from the phospholipopeptidic complex rich in EPA and DHA. The results of this study showed that the CPLP, its lipid and peptide fractions have an anxiolytic effect at a dose of 600 mg of CPLP / day for 14 days of treatment. It was also demonstrated that the peptide’s hydrolyzate ingested at double dose decreases significantly the oxidative stress by lowering the endogenous level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neurons. For therapeutic uses, the bioavailability of CoQ10 increased up to 38 times compared to referential formulation when verctorized at high dose in the oily formulation composed of CPLP’s total lipids. Regarding conventional CoQ10 supplementation as a dietary supplement, the emulsified formulation has a better availability at single dose, with plasma concentrations two times higher than the reference formulation. Although the anti-cancer activity of curcumine is highlighted, its low solubility and hence its low bioavailability, are factors limiting its use. The formulation of nanoemulsified curcumine allows a significant reduction in the proliferation of cancer cells (MCF7)Les bienfaits des acides gras oméga-3, essentiellement l’EPA (C20:5n-3) et le DHA (C22:6n-3) sont bien élucidés dans la littérature. Ils jouent en effet, un rôle essentiel dans la prévention de nombreuses maladies neurodégénératives et cardiovasculaires. Ces acides gras polyinsaturés à longue chaîne sont majoritairement retrouvés dans des sources d’origines marines. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes intéressés d’une part à l’effet du complexe phospholipopeptidique provenant de l’hydrolyse enzymatique des têtes de saumon, sur l’anxiété et le stress oxydant dans le cadre d’une étude comportementale effectuée sur un modèle murin. D’autre part, nous avons mis en place une approche de double vectorisation, sous formes de nanoémulsions, visant à augmenter la biodisponibilité de deux molécules hydrophobes et bioactives (coenzyme Q10 et curcumine) en utilisant les lipides totaux (phospholipides et triacylglycérols) du complexe phospholipopeptidique riche en EPA et en DHA. Les résultats de ce travail ont montré que le CPLP, sa fraction lipidique et peptidique ont un effet anxiolytique à une dose de 600 mg de CPLP/jour pendant 14 jours de traitement. Il a également été démontré dans cette étude que l’hydrolysat peptidique du CPLP diminue significativement, à double dose, le stress oxydant en baissant le niveau endogène des espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS) dans les neurones. D’autre part, pour une utilisation thérapeutique, la biodisponibilité du CoQ10 vectorisé à forte dose est améliorée jusqu’à 38 fois par la formulation huileuse composée de lipides polaires du CPLP. Concernant la supplémentation classique en CoQ10 en tant que complément alimentaire, la formulation émulsionnée présente une meilleure disponibilité à dose aigüe, avec une concentration plasmatique deux fois plus élevée que la formulation de référence. Malgré une activité anticancéreuse reconnue pour la curcumine, sa faible solubilité diminue sa biodisponibilité et limite de ce fait son utilisation. La formulation nanoémulsionnée de curcumine contribue à inhiber la prolifération de cellules cancéreuses (MCF7

Natural nanoemulsion composed of marine phospholipids from phospholipopeptidic complex obtained from salmon head by-products and application to the vectorization of poorly bioavailable molecules

Les bienfaits des acides gras oméga-3, essentiellement l’EPA (C20:5n-3) et le DHA (C22:6n-3) sont bien élucidés dans la littérature. Ils jouent en effet, un rôle essentiel dans la prévention de nombreuses maladies neurodégénératives et cardiovasculaires. Ces acides gras polyinsaturés à longue chaîne sont majoritairement retrouvés dans des sources d’origines marines. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes intéressés d’une part à l’effet du complexe phospholipopeptidique provenant de l’hydrolyse enzymatique des têtes de saumon, sur l’anxiété et le stress oxydant dans le cadre d’une étude comportementale effectuée sur un modèle murin. D’autre part, nous avons mis en place une approche de double vectorisation, sous formes de nanoémulsions, visant à augmenter la biodisponibilité de deux molécules hydrophobes et bioactives (coenzyme Q10 et curcumine) en utilisant les lipides totaux (phospholipides et triacylglycérols) du complexe phospholipopeptidique riche en EPA et en DHA. Les résultats de ce travail ont montré que le CPLP, sa fraction lipidique et peptidique ont un effet anxiolytique à une dose de 600 mg de CPLP/jour pendant 14 jours de traitement. Il a également été démontré dans cette étude que l’hydrolysat peptidique du CPLP diminue significativement, à double dose, le stress oxydant en baissant le niveau endogène des espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ROS) dans les neurones. D’autre part, pour une utilisation thérapeutique, la biodisponibilité du CoQ10 vectorisé à forte dose est améliorée jusqu’à 38 fois par la formulation huileuse composée de lipides polaires du CPLP. Concernant la supplémentation classique en CoQ10 en tant que complément alimentaire, la formulation émulsionnée présente une meilleure disponibilité à dose aigüe, avec une concentration plasmatique deux fois plus élevée que la formulation de référence. Malgré une activité anticancéreuse reconnue pour la curcumine, sa faible solubilité diminue sa biodisponibilité et limite de ce fait son utilisation. La formulation nanoémulsionnée de curcumine contribue à inhiber la prolifération de cellules cancéreuses (MCF7)The benefits of omega 3 fatty acids, mainly EPA (C20:5n-3) and DHA (C22:6n-3) are well understood in the literature. They indeed play an essential role in the prevention of many neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases. These polyunsaturated fatty acids are mostly found in marine sources. In this context, we were interested on the effects of phospholipopeptidic complex from the enzymatic hydrolysis of salmon heads on anxiety and oxidative stress using a behavioural study (mouse model). On the other hand, we have developed a double vectorization operating nanoemulsions, to increase the bioavailability of two hydrophobic and bioactive molecules (conenzyme Q10 and curcumine) by total lipids (phospholipids and triacylglycerols) from the phospholipopeptidic complex rich in EPA and DHA. The results of this study showed that the CPLP, its lipid and peptide fractions have an anxiolytic effect at a dose of 600 mg of CPLP / day for 14 days of treatment. It was also demonstrated that the peptide’s hydrolyzate ingested at double dose decreases significantly the oxidative stress by lowering the endogenous level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in neurons. For therapeutic uses, the bioavailability of CoQ10 increased up to 38 times compared to referential formulation when verctorized at high dose in the oily formulation composed of CPLP’s total lipids. Regarding conventional CoQ10 supplementation as a dietary supplement, the emulsified formulation has a better availability at single dose, with plasma concentrations two times higher than the reference formulation. Although the anti-cancer activity of curcumine is highlighted, its low solubility and hence its low bioavailability, are factors limiting its use. The formulation of nanoemulsified curcumine allows a significant reduction in the proliferation of cancer cells (MCF7

Gestion autonomique générique des services pour les applications à base de composants

During the past decade, the complexity of applications has significantly scaled to satisfy the emerging business needs. Their design entails a composition of distributed and interacting software components. They provide services by means of the business interactions maintained by their components. Such applications are inherently in a dynamic evolution due to their context dynamics. Indeed, they evolve in changing environments while exhibiting highly dynamic conditions during their execution life-cycle (e.g., their load, availability, performance, etc.). Such contexts have burdened the applications developers with their design and management tasks. Subsequently, motivated the need to enforce the autonomy of their management to be less dependent on human interventions with the Autonomic Computing principles. Autonomic Computing Systems (ACS) implies the usage of autonomic loops, dedicated to help the system to achieve its management tasks. These loops main role is to adapt their associated systems to the dynamic of their contexts by acting upon an embedded adaptation logic. Most of time, this logic is given by static hand-coded rules, often concern-specific and potentially error-prone. It is undoubtedly time and effort-consuming while demanding a costly expertise. Actually, it requires a thorough understanding of the system design and dynamics to predict the accurate adaptations to bring to the system. Furthermore, such logic cannot envisage all the possible adaptation scenarios, hence, not able to take appropriate adaptations for previously unknown situations. ACS should be sophisticated enough to cope with the dynamic nature of their contexts and be able to learn on their own to properly act in unknown situations. They should also be able to learn from their past experiences and modify their adaptation logic according to their context dynamics. In this thesis manuscript, we address the described shortcomings by using Reinforcement Learning (RL) techniques to build our adaptation logic. Nevertheless, RL-based approaches are known for their poor performance during the early stages of learning. This poor performance hinders their usage in real-world deployed systems. Accordingly, we enhanced the adaptation logic with sophisticated and better-performing learning abilities with a multi-step RL approach. Our main objective is to optimize the learning performance and render it timely-efficient which considerably improves the ACS performance even during the beginning of learning phase. Thereafter, we pushed further our work by proposing a generic framework aimed to support the application developers in building self-adaptive applications. We proposed to transform existing applications by dynamically adding autonomic and learning abilities to their components. The transformation entails the encapsulation of components into autonomic containers to provide them with the needed self-adaptive behavior. The objective is to alleviate the burden of management tasks on the developers and let them focus on the business logic of their applications. The proposed solutions are intended to be generic, granular and based on a well known standard (i.e., Service Component Architecture). Finally, our proposals were evaluated and validated with experimental results. They demonstrated their effectiveness by showing a dynamic adjustment to the transformed application to its context changes in a shorter time as compared to existing approachesAu cours de la dernière décennie, la complexité des applications a considérablement évolué afin de répondre aux besoins métiers émergeants. Leur conception implique une composition distribuée de composants logiciels. Ces applications fournissent des services à travers les interactions métiers maintenues par leurs composants. De telles applications sont intrinsèquement en évolution dynamique en raison de la dynamicité de leurs contextes. En effet, elles évoluent dans des environnements qui changent tout en présentant des conditions très dynamiques durant leur cycle de vie d’exécution. De tels contextes représentent une lourde charge pour les développeurs aussi bien pour leurs tâches de conception que de gestion. Cela a motivé́ le besoin de renforcer l’autonomie de gestion des applications pour les rendre moins dépendantes de l’intervention humaine en utilisant les principes de l’Informatique Autonomique. Les Systèmes Informatiques Autonomes (SIA) impliquent l’utilisation des boucles autonomiques, dédiées aux systèmes afin de les aider à accomplir leurs tâches de gestion. Ces boucles ont pour objectif d’adapter leurs systèmes à la dynamicité de leurs contextes, en se basant sur une logique d’adaptation intégrée. Cette logique est souvent donnée par des règles statiques codées manuellement. La construction de ces règles demande beaucoup de temps tout en exigeant une bonne expertise. En fait, elles nécessitent une compréhension approfondie de la dynamicité du système afin de prédire les adaptations précises à apporter à celui-ci. Par ailleurs, une telle logique ne peut envisager tous les scénarios d’adaptation possibles, donc, ne sera pas en mesure de prendre en compte des adaptations pour des situations précédemment inconnues. Les SIA devraient donc être assez sophistiqués afin de pouvoir faire face à la nature dynamique de leurs contextes et de pouvoir apprendre par eux-mêmes afin d’agir correctement dans des situations inconnues. Les SIA devraient également être capables d’apprendre de leur propre expérience passée afin de modifier leur logique d’adaptation en fonction de la dynamicité de leurs contextes. Dans ce manuscrit, nous abordons les lacunes décrites en utilisant les techniques d’Apprentissage par Renforcement (AR) afin de construire notre logique d’adaptation. Cependant, les approches fondées sur l’AR sont connues pour leur mauvaise performance lors des premières phases d’apprentissage. Cette mauvaise performance entrave leur utilisation dans le monde réel des systèmes déployés. Par conséquent, nous avons amélioré cette logique d’adaptation avec des capacités d’apprentissage plus performantes avec une approche AR en multi-pas. Notre objectif est d’optimiser la performance de l’apprentissage et de le rendre plus efficace et plus rapide, en particulier durant les premières phases d’apprentissage. Nous avons aussi proposé́ un cadriciel générique visant à aider les développeurs dans la construction d’applications auto-adaptatives. Nous avons donc proposé de transformer des applications existantes en ajoutant des capacités d’autonomie et d’apprentissage à leurs composants. La transformation consiste en l’encapsulation des composants dans des conteneurs autonomiques pour les doter du comportement auto-adaptatif nécessaire. Notre objectif est d’alléger la charge des tâches de gestion des développeurs et de leur permettre de se concentrer plus sur la logique métier de leurs applications. Les solutions proposées sont destinées à être génériques, granulaires et basées sur un standard connu, à savoir l’Architecture de Composant de Service. Enfin, nos propositions ont été évaluées et validées avec des résultats expérimentaux. Ils ont démontré leur efficacité en montrant un ajustement dynamique des applications transformées face aux dynamicités de leurs contextes en un temps beaucoup plus court comparé aux approches existante

From Krill to Whale: an overview of marine fatty acids and lipid compositions

In this study, fatty acid compositions of phyto-zooplankton (calanoid copepod species, krill…) to fish species (mackerel, sardine anchovy, salmon, shark) are presented. Marine oils are essentially used for their high long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), namely eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) for their good health impact. Due to health benefits of the omega-3, weekly fish consumption is today recommended by many authorities (FDA, AFSSA…). Capture fisheries and aquaculture supplied the world with about 110 million tonnes of food fish in 2006 (FAO 2009), providing an apparent per capita supply of 16.7 kg. It is well established that the lipid composition of fish muscle is influenced by the diet and also depends on the effects of environmental factors (temperature, oxygen concentration in sea water) and endogenous medium (physiological state and individual variability). In general, cultured fish have been reported to have a softer texture than wild fish, which has been related to the differences in muscle structure, proximate composition and nutritional value. New applications of typical compounds (wax esters, squalene …) or lipid classes (glycerophospholipids, ether glycerolipids, sphingophospholipids …) as cosmetics, functional foods and dietary supplements will become very important in the near future with nano-structured drug carriers in pharmaceutical and biomedical areas

From Krill to Whale: an overview of marine fatty acids and lipid compositions

In this study, fatty acid compositions of phyto-zooplankton (calanoid copepod species, krill…) to fish species (mackerel, sardine anchovy, salmon, shark) are presented. Marine oils are essentially used for their high long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFA), namely eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) for their good health impact. Due to health benefits of the omega-3, weekly fish consumption is today recommended by many authorities (FDA, AFSSA…). Capture fisheries and aquaculture supplied the world with about 110 million tonnes of food fish in 2006 (FAO 2009), providing an apparent per capita supply of 16.7 kg. It is well established that the lipid composition of fish muscle is influenced by the diet and also depends on the effects of environmental factors (temperature, oxygen concentration in sea water) and endogenous medium (physiological state and individual variability). In general, cultured fish have been reported to have a softer texture than wild fish, which has been related to the differences in muscle structure, proximate composition and nutritional value. New applications of typical compounds (wax esters, squalene …) or lipid classes (glycerophospholipids, ether glycerolipids, sphingophospholipids …) as cosmetics, functional foods and dietary supplements will become very important in the near future with nano-structured drug carriers in pharmaceutical and biomedical areas

Land-use change, not climate, controls organic carbon burial in lakes

International audienc

Anxiolytic-like effect of a salmon phospholipopeptidic complex composed of polyunsaturated fatty acids and bioactive peptides

A phospholipopeptidic complex obtained by the enzymatic hydrolysis of salmon heads in green conditions; exert anxiolytic-like effects in a time and dose-dependent manner, with no affection of locomotor activity. This study focused on the physico-chemical properties of the lipidic and peptidic fractions from this natural product. The characterization of mineral composition, amino acid and fatty acids was carried out. Stability of nanoemulsions allowed us to realize a behavioral study conducted with four different tests on 80 mice. This work highlighted the dose dependent effects of the natural complex and its various fractions over a period of 14 days compared to a conventional anxiolytic. The intracellular redox status of neural cells was evaluated in order to determine the free radicals scavenging potential of these products in the central nervous system (CNS), after mice sacrifice. The complex peptidic fraction showed a strong scavenging property and similar results were found for the complex as well as its lipidic fraction. For the first time, the results of this study showed the anxiolytic-like and neuroprotective properties of a phospholipopeptidic complex extracted from salmon head. The applications on anxiety disorders might be relevant, depending on the doses, the fraction used and the chronicity of the supplementation