From the Monasterium Clericorum to the Studia Generalia. The catholic education in the Ius Antiquum

La exigencia de profundizar en el Misterio de salvación y cumplir fielmente la misión de difundir la Buena Nueva que le ha sido confiada por el Divino Fundador, han inducido a la Iglesia, desde el principio, a cuidar de la educación del pueblo de los redimidos, y sobre toto de los que tenían un papel de relieve en el ejercicio del munus docendi. Este trabajo de investigación supone una mirada general sobre las medidas adoptadas a lo largo de los siglos para responder en la forma mejor a dichas exigencias, desde la primera legislación conciliar hasta la constitución de los studia generalia, antecedentes de las universidades modernas y constituidos para garantizar a la consciencia la necesaria estabilidad que permite su fructífero desarrollo.The need of examining in depth the Mystery of salvation and of fulfilling faithfully the mission of spreading the Good News revealed by the Divine Founder, encouraged the Church, ever since its beginning, to take care of the education of the redeemed persons, especially of those who had an important position in the practice of the munus docendi. This research includes a general gaze to the measures adopted over the centuries in order to answer properly to those needs, starting with the first council legislation, until the creation of the studia generalia, which were the precursors of the modern universities and were created to safeguard the stability of knowledge that is necessary in order to allow its fruitful development.Ciencias ReligiosasDerech

Il trattamento canonico dell’eretico fino all’epoca medievale

The great epochs of reform in the Church, traditionally, made it necessary to go deeper on some topics at all levels – not only from the dogmatic point of view – and led to a new formulation, sometimes a redefinition, of the aspects that had been in dispute. In this regard, in the light of history, we will try to observe how different cases of disagreement (which, at that time, created discord and fatigue for the Church) were legally treated. Clearly, Heresy is the clearest example of opposition to some interpretations proposed by the Church. However, we do not intend to make a detailed study of the unorthodox voices that rose against the claims of Peter; rather, we will try to check out how these ones were treated during the first Millennium (when the Church became legal, and then official) until the Fourth Lateran Council (when the Inquisitorial Tribunals started to judge these attitudes).Arte y HumanidadesCiencias ReligiosasDerech

La Iurisdictio Episcopalis ente el Imperio y la Christianitas : aproximación histírico-canónica a la aparición de las potestas sacra

Nuestro trabajo pretende mostrar las relaciones mantenidas por la autoridad eclesiástica a medida que dicho poder temporal fue cambiando, desde la salida de la clandestinidad hasta la caída del Imperio y el comienzo de la era medieval. Debemos tener claro que conceptos como potestas, iurisdictio o auctoritas están todavía en un primerizo estado de gestación, no sólo para el poder temporal, que hasta cierto punto conserva la herencia imperial, sino también para una Iglesia que apenas acaba de abandonar la clandestinidad, y deberá convivir con una autoridad que va cobrando consciencia de sí misma al tiempo que alcanza la mayoría de edad.Arte y HumanidadesCiencias ReligiosasDerech

Las relaciones Papado-Imperio en el desarrollo de las Fuentes canónicas (ss. V-VIII)

Uno de los modos más ilustrativos para conocer cómo era concebido el poder es, sin duda, el modo en que se creaba el Derecho, binomio inseparable a lo largo de la historia del Derecho en general y especialmente esclarecedor en la paulatina configuración de la Iglesia en particular. Nuestro trabajo pretende mostrar la evolución experimentada por la conciencia jurídica pontificia en uno de los periodos más relevantes del primero milenio, desde la separación del Imperio oriental hasta el Renacimiento carolingio (ss. V-VIII), periodo en el que, con el trasfondo de la controvertida relación entre lo espiritual y lo terrenal, la Iglesia pasará prácticamente de la clandestinidad a la independencia no sólo espiritual sino también política, y todo ello en apenas cuatro siglos. A tal fin, expondremos la evolución histórica y las consecuencias jurídicas de las relaciones entre el Papado y el Imperio a través de algunas Fuentes canónicas, tanto mediante el estudio material de las más célebres – la epístola del Papa Gelasio “Famuli vestræ pietatis” o la “Donatio Constantini”, por ejemplo – como de la formajurídica que revistieron, al ser ésta el punto de encuentro donde confluyen circunstancias históricas tanto intra como extra eclesiales. One of the more illustrative ways to know how political power conceived is to see how Law is created. These two concepts, political power and Law creation, are an inseparable binomial along the history of Law in general and especially enlightening in the gradual configuration of the Church in particular. Our work is focused on the evolution experienced by the legal pontifical conscience in one of the most important periods of the first Millennium, from the definitive separation of the Eastern Empire to the Carolingian Renaissance (V-VIII). During this period, which had as its backdrop the controversial relationship between spiritual and earthly power, the Church passed, in just four centuries, from a state of clandestinity to one of independence, not only spiritual but also political. In order to reach this goal, the historical evolution and the legal consequences of some canonical sources will be shown, both through the material study of the most famous ones – the epistle of Pope Gelasius “Famuli vestræ pietatis” or the “Donatio Constantini”, for example – and of their legal form, being the meeting point where both intra and extra-ecclesial historical circumstances come together.Arte y HumanidadesCiencias ReligiosasDerech

The Pleasure of Privacy: Confession and Inquisition as Means to Cause the Correction of Sinful Consciences around the IV Lateran Council

The passage of the public penance to private penance was the loss of the public character of the punishment, but also that the Church lost the control of behavior, because its repression would depend now only of the personal need for forgiveness of each faithful. In addition, under these new circumstances, heterodox forms of profess religion, heresies, which infected the population, and it was linked to the fact that many sexual behavior contrary to Catholic morality extend arise among the population, which already should not purge their sins in public. This situation pushed the Church to face a new situation: to cause voluntary contrition of the penitent. The IV Lateran Council faces the problem from four aspects: 1. the annual obligation to the confession and that this is done with the “proprio sacerdote”, to ensure that the Confessor knows the circumstances of the sinner, 2. The canonical regulation of marriage, in order to exclude attitudes contrary to morality; 3. The creation of chairs of theology, to train priests and these to the faithful, through the preaching; 4. The establishment of the inquisitorial courts, which will be the punishment for those who do not accept the contrition and the amendment of its life. Our work is focused on this need of cause the voluntary contrition, and the means employed to achieve this. We study the similar evolution of the sacrament of penance and the inquisitorial process, which together with the preaching, involves the exercise of the triple ecclesial Ministry: munus regendi and munus docendi, munus santificandi.Arte y HumanidadesCiencias ReligiosasDerech

"Civitas Evangelii vs Evangelium in Civitate" : el binomio evangelio-mundo en la evolución de la vida consagrada medieval

La vida monástica, que durante el final de la época antigua y gran parte de la Edad Media fue el motor principal que sirvió para mantener viva la fe y la ortodoxia en una Europa que a duras penas era capaz de entenderse a sí misma yendo de un imperio a otro, en los últimos siglos de la era medieval deberá reinventarse para poderse adecuar a un mundo que, revestido de ciudades, cambiaba señores por reyes para, a lo lejos, empezar a soñar los estados. Serán los pontífices de los dos momentos claves, esto es, su nacimiento y su evolución a las órdenes mendicantes, quienes sabrán leer perfectamente los tiempos, preservando los carismas de ambas pero sin perder el objetivo principal de los mismos.Arte y HumanidadesCiencias ReligiosasDerech

The Fourth Council of Lateran as the medieval paradigm of the practice of the tria munera

La herejía es una enseñanza errónea del depósito de la fe que rompe la comunión y atenta contra la autoridad de la Iglesia. Tradicionalmente, la Inquisición ha sido considerada como el único medio para combatirla, reduciendo así toda respuesta a la mera represión o persecución. Nuestra trabajo consiste en probar que tres serán los ámbitos sobre los que la Iglesia planteará la respuesta contra la herejía, correspondientes con su triple función, cada uno adecuado a los tres niveles en los que impacta la actitud herética: uno preventivo, con la predicación para enseñar la verdad y para remover las almas (munus docendi); otro sacramental, con importantes cambios en lo referente a la confesión (munus santificandi), encaminados a restituir a la comunión a aquellos que se han alejado y, por último, otro judicial, (munus regendi), donde la autoridad intentará en último extremo forzar esa contrición en el pecador. Además, en estas renovaciones emprendidas en los campos sacramentales y formativos, unidos a las normas dictadas en materia de herejía, veremos como la Iglesia poco a poco cobra conciencia de su propia identidad, hasta ser capaz de dar una respuesta orgánica al problema al convocarse el IV concilio de Letrán.Heresy is a false teaching of the deposit of faith that breaks the communion and undermines the authority of the Church. Traditionally, the Inquisition has been considered as the only medium to combat it, reducing thus all response to the mere repression or persecution. Our job is focus to prove that three will be the areas on which the Church pose response against heresy, corresponding with its triple function, each suited to the three levels at which impacts the heretical attitude: preventive one, with preaching to teach truth and to remove the souls (munus docendi); Another sacramental, with important changes in relation to the confession (munus santificandi), aimed at restoring communion to those who have moved away and, finally, another judicial, (munus regendi), where the authority will try to ultimately force the contrition in the sinner. In addition, in these renovations undertaken in the fields of sacramental and educational, United with the standards laid down in the field of heresy, we'll see how the church gradually cobra awareness of its own identity, to be able to give an organic problem response to convene the Fourth Council of Lateran.Ciencias ReligiosasDerech

El ministerio judicial del Obispo hasta el surgimiento de la Lex Christiana (SS. I-IV)

The bishops, first clandestineness and then openly, are called upon to resolve disputes that have arisen among the faithful, until the time in which the Empire recognized them the capacity to be official judges. However, that bishops should be official judges, although it was given them legal protection and allowed to meet the biblical claims that every cause among believers were not known by pagans, also created certain problems. In fact, there are many bishops who regret having to officially accomplish this task because was taken them time to carry out other functions and put them in a situation complicated with respect to the faithful. Our work focuses on three aspects around this institution: firstly, the theological of the administration of Justice, both biblical and Patristic Foundation, to understand how must be exercised a mission that must be carried out without forgetting the purpose of salvation; Secondly, the process of episcopalis audientia in Constantinian legislation and the first limit of jurisdiction and, finally, the way of exercise of the offcium iudiciorum by bishops and the problem arising from this.Arte y HumanidadesCiencias ReligiosasDerech

From the Monasterirum Clericorum to the Studia Generalia. The Catholic education in the Ius Antiquum

La exigencia de profundizar en el Misterio de salvación y cumplir fielmente la misión de difundir la Buena Nueva que le ha sido confiada por el Divino Fundador, han inducido a la Iglesia, desde el principio, a cuidar de la educación del pueblo de los redimidos, y sobre toto de los que tenían un papel de relieve en el ejercicio del munus docendi. Este trabajo de investigación supone una mirada general sobre las medidas adoptadas a lo largo de los siglos para responder en la forma mejor a dichas exigencias, desde la primera legislación conciliar hasta la constitución de los studia generalia, antecedentes de las universidades modernas y constituidos para garantizar a la consciencia la necesaria estabilidad que permite su fructífero desarrollo.The need of examining in depth the Mystery of salvation and of fulfilling faithfully the mission of spreading the Good News revealed by the Divine Founder, encouraged the Church, ever since its beginning, to take care of the education of the redeemed persons, especially of those who had an important position in the practice of the munus docendi. This research includes a general gaze to the measures adopted over the centuries in order to answer properly to those needs, starting with the first council legislation, until the creation of the studia generalia, which were the precursors of the modern universities and were created to safeguard the stability of knowledge that is necessary in order to allow its fruitful development.Ciencias ReligiosasDerech

Le Clementine Dispendiosam e Saepe Contigit come paradigma di sommarietà. Alcune note in chiave utroquistica

Summary procedure, resulting of extensive synergistic work carried out by the medieval legislators of both Laws, was an alternative process to the solemn, more agile and faster. The Saepe Contingit constitution represents the paradigm that will reach its full scholarly maturation on the Bartolus de Sassoferrato’s study about the Constitution Ad Reprimendum. The article briefly explores the steps that lead to the appearance of the summary Rite on the medieval Ius Commune, highlighting the role of Canon law, and in particular the legislative interventions of Pope Clement V, in the making of this process, from the decretals Dispendiosam and Saepe Contingit up to the mentioned Bartolus’s study, as well as its reflection on the Italian statuti comunali.Arte y HumanidadesCiencias ReligiosasDerech