Chronic kidney disease and obesity; a mini-review to the current knowledge

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a health issue that may progress into end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and therefore lead to increased mortality from cardiovascular disease. Early detection of risk factors for CKD helps to improve them and prevent progression of this disease. Obesity is one of the most important yet preventable risk factors for CKD. Obesity is known as a cause of increased development of certain chronic diseases and may cause renal damage directly through hemodynamic and hormonal factors or indirectly via progression of diabetes and hypertension. With increased urban population and income, the diets containing high amounts of sugar, fats, and animal products have replaced traditional diets that contain highly fibrous complex carbohydrates. Currently, high-calorie foods and sedentary lifestyle are associated with obesity among children and adolescents. In 2017, the World’s Kidney Day concentrated on obesity as a potent risk factor for development of kidney diseases

An update on diabetic kidney disease, oxidative stress and antioxidant agents.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease that is defined by relative or absolute deficiency of insulin secretion. Diabetic kidney disease seems to be one of the most frequent complications of diabetes mellitus. Based on evidence, increased free-radical formation and/or diminished antioxidant defenses induce oxidative stress that is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic kidney disease. It is evident that diabetic state induces oxidative stress through different signaling pathways as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation that attributes to the activation of various downstream signaling cascade leading to structural the way to structural and functional changes in kidney

Review of possible mechanisms of analgesic effect of herbs and herbal active ingredient

Pain is a distressing feeling caused by damage to different tissues. Consequently the person reacts, and tries to remove the painful stimulus. On the other hand, prostaglandins contribute to the emergence of pain. These compounds are formed and secreted by cyclogenase 2 or COX-2 enzymes. It is through inhibiting these enzymes that most of the analgesic medications act. Thus, this study aims to investigate and review some of the scientific findings on analgesic effects and possible active ingredients and analgesic mechanisms of these herbs. Result: Nowadays one of the methods to control pain is using non-steroid anti-inflammatory medications. Although the analgesic effects of these medications emerge relatively fast, but their side effects are considered to be a limiting factor in their usage. Therefore researchers are constantly in the search of new medications with less side effects. In recent years the tendency to use herbal medications has significantly increased in the treatment and prediction of these diseases. Since analgesic medications show a wide range of complications therefore using secondary herbal compounds may be an appropriate alternative for chemical medications. In this respect, many analgesic effects of herbal medications have been brought into attention and it is believed that many natural compounds may serve as new medical compounds.Conclusion: Regarding the importance of research about pain and the effort in increasing awareness in this respect and also regarding the problems caused by using opioid medications, it is necessary to find herbal medications

Association between dietary behaviors and depression in adolescent girls

Background: The growing prevalence of depression has become a major public health problem. There is limited evidence regarding the relationship between dietary behaviors and depression. The present study was designed to evaluate the association between dietary behaviors and depression score. Methods: A total of 933 Iranian adolescent girls aged 12 to 18 years were included in this cross-sectional study. Depression severity score was assessed using a validated Persian version of Beck’s depression inventory. Dietary behaviors were pre-defined and assessed in ten domains using a standard questionnaire. To investigate the association between dietary behaviors and depression score, the linear regression analysis in crude and adjusted models was used. Results: 67.7% of participants had no or minimal depression symptoms and 32.3% of participants were categorized with mild-to-severe depression symptoms. There were significant inverse relationships between main meal consumption (Beta: -0.141; 95% CI: − 3.644 to − 1.000; P = 0.001), snack consumption (Beta: -0.100; 95% CI: − 2.400 to − 0.317; P = 0.002), regular meal consumption (Beta: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.13–0.42; P = 0.001) and food chewing (Beta: -0.152; 95% CI: − 2.279 to − 0.753; P = 0.03) with depression score. These associations remained significant after adjustment for confounding variables. In addition, frequency of intra-meal fluid intake (Beta: 0.096; 95% CI: 0.288 to 1.535; P = 0.004) and spicy foods consumption (Beta: 0.076; 95% CI: 0.098 to 1.508; P = 0.02) were directly associated with depression score in the crude model. These significant relations were disappeared in full adjusted model. No significant association was found between breakfast consumption, intake of fried foods, chewing ability, and tooth loss with depression score (P > 0.05). Conclusions: Significant associations were observed between specific eating behaviors with depression score. Prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings

Association of NFKB1 gene polymorphism (rs28362491) with cardiometabolic risk factor in patients undergoing coronary angiography

Introduction: Genetic and environmental factors are involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). The aim of the study was to investigate between the genotype of the NFKB1 gene and the cardiometabolic risk factor in patients undergoing coronary angiography. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 462 adults (male and women) aged between 35 and 75 years who referred to Afshar Hospital for coronary angiography in 2021- 2022. The polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism method was used to detect the genotype of rs28362491. Biochemical parameters were measured using commercial kits. Gensini and Syntax scores were calculated using the angiography result to assess the extent of coronary artery stenosis. We used multivariate logistic regression analysis to examine the relationship between genotype variants and cardiometabolic risk factors. Results: There was no association between variant genotypes and abnormally levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (P value=0.51), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P value=0.99), triglyceride (TG) (P value=0.48), total cholesterol (P value=0.79), low density lipoprotein-cholestero (LDL-C) (P value=0.31), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) (P value=0.53), fast blood sugar (FBS) (P value=0.39), systolic blood pressure (P value=0.14), diastolic blood pressure (P value=0.64), Gensini score (P value=0.48) and syntax score (P value=0.74) in the crude model even after adjustment for confounding factors. Conclusion: We found no association between the ATTG polymorphism and cardiometabolic risk factors in patients who had coronary angiography. Further investigations are needed to assess the association between variants of 28362491 and cardiometabolic markers

Role of adiponectin in patients with end-stage renal failure

Adiponectin is a cytokine produced by the adipose tissue. This collagen-like protein has 244-amino acid and its concentration in plasma of healthy individuals is 5-40 μg / mL. In fact, adiponectin comprises 1% of the total serum protein.  Although, adiponectin has anti-inflammatory and anti-atherogenic effects in physiological conditions and plays a key role in lipid and glucose metabolism and energy balance as well. However, in patients with end-stage renal disease, it is not a protector due to the changes in the structure and function, and also is considered as a risk factor. So with regard to the prevalence of atherosclerosis in patients with end stage renal disease, adiponectin may be a marker for indentifying the cardiovascular involvement of these patients

Soy protein and chronic kidney disease: An updated review

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a serious universal problem that is the main risk for several diseases including cardiovascular disease. Dietary factors are important to prevent and control the kidney disease. Some evidence has shown that modifying the amount and the types of dietary protein exert a major effect on renal failure so limiting dietary protein and substituting animal protein with soy protein has suggested. However, there is a lot of controversy about it, especially in human. Thus, this paper will review the clinical trial studies conducted on the effects of soy protein intake on CKD in both animal and human and its effect mechanism

The association between dietary patterns derived by three statistical methods and type 2 diabetes risk: YaHS-TAMYZ and Shahedieh cohort studies

Abstract Findings were inconsistent regarding the superiority of using recently introduced hybrid methods to derive DPs compared to widely used statistical methods like principal component analysis (PCA) in assessing dietary patterns and their association with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to investigate the association between DPs extracted using principal component analysis (PCA), partial least-squares (PLS), and reduced-rank regressions (RRR) in identifying DPs associated with T2DM risk. The study was conducted in the context of two cohort studies accomplished in central Iran. Dietary intake data were collected by food frequency questionnaires (FFQs). DPs were derived by using PCA, PLS, and RRR methods considering. The association between DPs with the risk of T2DM was assessed using log-binomial logistic regression test. A total of 8667 participants aged 20–70 years were included in this study. In the multivariate-adjusted models, RRR-DP3 characterized by high intake of fruits, tomatoes, vegetable oils, and refined grains and low intake of processed meats, organ meats, margarine, and hydrogenated fats was significantly associated with a reduced T2DM risk (Q5 vs Q1: RR 0.540, 95% CI 0.33–0.87, P-trend = 0.020). No significant highest-lowest or trend association was observed between DPs derived using PCA or PLS and T2DM. The findings indicate that RRR method was more promising in identifying DPs that are related to T2DM risk compared to PCA and PLS methods