Developing and validating the educational materials for a nurse-led self-management education in adults with type 2 diabetes

Background: Diabetes education and self-care are the cornerstones of diabetes management. There are few nurse-led structured diabetes management programs available in Iran.Objectives: This paper aims to develop and validate a nurse-led diabetes self-management intervention for patients with type 2 diabetes. Method: The theoretical framework underpinning the intervention was the Bandura’s selfefficacy theory. The seven basic steps of the Taba model were used to develop and validate the study intervention. Results: The preliminary results from this study suggest that the study intervention was carefully contextualized and linked to the existing diabetes care. Overall, the intervention was very well received and appreciated by the respondents.Conclusion: This was the first known validated nurse-led diabetes self-management intervention available in the Persian Language

Evaluation of Ergonomic Factors on the Prevalence of Musculoskeletal Disorders Between the Urban and Out of Urban Drivers in Ilam Province

Introduction: Ergonomic factors can increase the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of the ergonomic variables on the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders between the urban and out of urban drivers in Ilam province. Materials and Methods: The population studied in this research including 251 peoples of the urban and out of urban drivers in Ilam province in 2007-2008. The different variables such as driving state, seat position, driver cab condition, the diameter of the steering wheel, steering angle to the horizon and etc were examined. Data analysis was conducted by statistical methods (SPSS-16 and x2 test) and the p-value of 0.05 was used as significant. Results: The results showed that there was a significant relationship between the slope of the pedals, the height of steering wheel, seat position, availability of the driver cab, steering angle, the use of driver back protector with the prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders and the spinal pain due to the driving (p<0.05). Conclusions: Recognition of many factors in design of equipment of driver cab to create the safe environment for drivers is necessary. Therefore, the condition around of driver in car should be identified and so design that driver feeling comfort and relax on duty

In vitro anti-biofilm properties of the peel of fruite wall of acorn against Streptococcus mutans

Dental caries is a multi-factorial infectious disease. The primary cause is dental plaque, a complex of biofilm. It was postulated that the ethanolic extract of fruite wall of acorn may represent a new substance to prevent caries. Hence, the study was performed to evaluate the effect of ethanolic extract of fruite wall of acorn against biofilm formation by , which is associated with dental plaque. The cytotoxicity of the ethanolic extract was determined against Vero cells resulting in an inhibitory concentration of 50 (IC) of 55 µg/ml. After bacterial collection, different concentrations under the IC from the extract were evaluated against biofilm formation of . 3 µg/ml of the extract inhibited the biofilm formation of , and 1 to /ml caused a decrease in and biofilm-production genes. This study showed the potency of the ethanolic extract of fruite wall of acorn against biofilm formation by