Phytochemical and antioxidant studies of Cleome heratensis (Capparaceae) plant extracts

Abstract Background In this research, different active phytochemical constituents present in Cleome heratensis (C. heratensis) from Capparaceae family were investigated. Moreover, the fatty acids present in the seed and aerial parts of the plant were identified by gas chromatography (GC) after esterification of the oil. Antioxidant activity of the aerial parts and seed of C. heratensis methanolic extract over 2,2′-diphenylpicryl-1-hydrazyl (DPPH) was investigated using ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis) spectrophotometer. Methods To study total phenolic compounds and flavonoids, the plant was extracted from ethanol by ultrasonic method, then further extracted with other solvents. Amounts of anthocyanins and tannins/condensed tannins were determined by their corresponding ethanolic and acetone extracts. Antioxidant activity of the plant species was studied by a spectrophotometric method using 80% methanolic extract. Results The high content of phenolics as 16.915 mg tannic acid equivalents per gram of dry matter (TAE/g DM), tannins (12.231 mg TA/gr DM) and condensed tannins (4.086 mg TA/g DM) was obtained for the C. heratensis extract. The most flavonoids content was found 4.444 rutin equivalents (in mg) per gram of dry matter (mg RE/g DM) in plant’s aerial extract. The most amount of anthocyanin (0.48 mmol/gr WM) was observed in flowering stage. Antioxidant activity of the aerial parts and seed of C. heratensis methanolic extract were 11.92 and 63.54 mg/mL IC50, respectively. Conclusion High level of phenolic components including flavonoids, proanthocyanidins and tannins was detected in the extract of aerial parts of the plant. The oil of seed of this plant is a rich source of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Finally, C. heratensis aerial part extract was found as an excellent natural antioxidant

ICON-Sapphire: simulating the components of the Earth system and their interactions at kilometer and subkilometer scales

International audienceState-of-the-art Earth system models typically employ grid spacings of O(100 km), which is too coarse to explicitly resolve main drivers of the flow of energy and matter across the Earth system. In this paper, we present the new ICON-Sapphire model configuration, which targets a representation of the components of the Earth system and their interactions with a grid spacing of 10 km and finer. Through the use of selected simulation examples, we demonstrate that ICON-Sapphire can (i) be run coupled globally on seasonal timescales with a grid spacing of 5 km, on monthly timescales with a grid spacing of 2.5 km, and on daily timescales with a grid spacing of 1.25 km; (ii) resolve large eddies in the atmosphere using hectometer grid spacings on limited-area domains in atmosphere-only simulations; (iii) resolve submesoscale ocean eddies by using a global uniform grid of 1.25 km or a telescoping grid with the finest grid spacing at 530 m, the latter coupled to a uniform atmosphere; and (iv) simulate biogeochemistry in an ocean-only simulation integrated for 4 years at 10 km. Comparison of basic features of the climate system to observations reveals no obvious pitfalls, even though some observed aspects remain difficult to capture. The throughput of the coupled 5 km global simulation is 126 simulated days per day employing 21 % of the latest machine of the German Climate Computing Center. Extrapolating from these results, multi-decadal global simulations including interactive carbon are now possible, and short global simulations resolving large eddies in the atmosphere and submesoscale eddies in the ocean are within reach

ICON-Sapphire: simulating the components of the Earth system and their interactions at kilometer and subkilometer scales

International audienceState-of-the-art Earth system models typically employ grid spacings of O(100 km), which is too coarse to explicitly resolve main drivers of the flow of energy and matter across the Earth system. In this paper, we present the new ICON-Sapphire model configuration, which targets a representation of the components of the Earth system and their interactions with a grid spacing of 10 km and finer. Through the use of selected simulation examples, we demonstrate that ICON-Sapphire can (i) be run coupled globally on seasonal timescales with a grid spacing of 5 km, on monthly timescales with a grid spacing of 2.5 km, and on daily timescales with a grid spacing of 1.25 km; (ii) resolve large eddies in the atmosphere using hectometer grid spacings on limited-area domains in atmosphere-only simulations; (iii) resolve submesoscale ocean eddies by using a global uniform grid of 1.25 km or a telescoping grid with the finest grid spacing at 530 m, the latter coupled to a uniform atmosphere; and (iv) simulate biogeochemistry in an ocean-only simulation integrated for 4 years at 10 km. Comparison of basic features of the climate system to observations reveals no obvious pitfalls, even though some observed aspects remain difficult to capture. The throughput of the coupled 5 km global simulation is 126 simulated days per day employing 21 % of the latest machine of the German Climate Computing Center. Extrapolating from these results, multi-decadal global simulations including interactive carbon are now possible, and short global simulations resolving large eddies in the atmosphere and submesoscale eddies in the ocean are within reach

ICON-Sapphire: simulating the components of the Earth system and their interactions at kilometer and subkilometer scales

International audienceState-of-the-art Earth system models typically employ grid spacings of O(100 km), which is too coarse to explicitly resolve main drivers of the flow of energy and matter across the Earth system. In this paper, we present the new ICON-Sapphire model configuration, which targets a representation of the components of the Earth system and their interactions with a grid spacing of 10 km and finer. Through the use of selected simulation examples, we demonstrate that ICON-Sapphire can (i) be run coupled globally on seasonal timescales with a grid spacing of 5 km, on monthly timescales with a grid spacing of 2.5 km, and on daily timescales with a grid spacing of 1.25 km; (ii) resolve large eddies in the atmosphere using hectometer grid spacings on limited-area domains in atmosphere-only simulations; (iii) resolve submesoscale ocean eddies by using a global uniform grid of 1.25 km or a telescoping grid with the finest grid spacing at 530 m, the latter coupled to a uniform atmosphere; and (iv) simulate biogeochemistry in an ocean-only simulation integrated for 4 years at 10 km. Comparison of basic features of the climate system to observations reveals no obvious pitfalls, even though some observed aspects remain difficult to capture. The throughput of the coupled 5 km global simulation is 126 simulated days per day employing 21 % of the latest machine of the German Climate Computing Center. Extrapolating from these results, multi-decadal global simulations including interactive carbon are now possible, and short global simulations resolving large eddies in the atmosphere and submesoscale eddies in the ocean are within reach