The ‘qualis’ System (brazil) In An Interdisciplinary-ecological Context

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The ethnoecology of Caiçara metapopulations (Atlantic Forest, Brazil): ecological concepts and questions

The Atlantic Forest is represented on the coast of Brazil by approximately 7,5% of remnants, much of these concentrated on the country's SE coast. Within these southeastern remnants, we still find the coastal Caiçaras who descend from Native Indians and Portuguese Colonizers. The maintenance of such populations, and their existence in spite of the deforestation that occurred on the Atlantic Forest coast, deserves especial attention and analysis. In this study, I address, in particular, the Caiçaras who live on the coast of São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro States, illustrating with examples of coastal inhabitants from other areas, such as Bahia State (NE coast) and of other forested areas (riverine caboclos of the Amazon). The major focus of this study, based on previous research, performed since 1986 in several populations or villages of the Atlantic Forest coast, is to understand the resilience of the Caiçaras, which is analyzed using ecological concepts, such as metapopulation, resilience and adaptive cycles. The Caiçara populations are located on islands (Búzios, Comprida, Grande, Ilhabela, Jaguanum, Gipóia) and on the coast (Bertioga, Puruba, Picinguaba, among others). Information gathered about the Caiçaras regarding the economic cycles of the local regions, along with ecological, historical and economic data available, are used to understand such resilience, and are complemented with comparative examples from the Brazilian Amazon and with variables such as the local restrictions imposed by environmental governmental agencies

The 'qualis' System (brazil) In An Interdisciplinary-ecological Context

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Dietary Changes Over Time In A Caiçara Community From The Brazilian Atlantic Forest

Because they are occurring at an accelerated pace, changes in the livelihoods of local coastal communities, including nutritional aspects, have been a subject of interest in human ecology. The aim of this study is to explore the dietary changes, particularly in the consumption of animal protein, that have taken place in Puruba Beach, a rural community of caiçaras on the São Paulo Coast, Brazil, over the 10-yr period from 1992-1993 to 2002-2003. Data were collected during six months in 1992-1993 and during the same months in 2002-2003 using the 24-hr recall method. We found an increasing dependence on external products in the most recent period, along with a reduction in fish consumption and in the number of fish species eaten. These changes, possibly associated with other nonmeasured factors such as overfishing and unplanned tourism, may cause food delocalization and a reduction in the use of natural resources. Although the consequences for conservation efforts in the Atlantic Forest and the survival of the caiçaras must still be evaluated, these local inhabitants may be finding a way to reconcile both the old and the new dietary patterns by keeping their houses in the community while looking for sources of income other than natural resources. The prospect shown here may reveal facets that can influence the maintenance of this and other communities undergoing similar processes by, for example, shedding some light on the ecological and economical processes that mav occur within their environment and in turn affect the conservation of the resources upon which the locai inhabitants depend. Copyright © 2006 by the author(s). Published here under license by the Resilience Alliance.112Alvard, M.S., Robinson, J.G., Redford, K.H., Kaplan, H., The sustainability of subsistence hunting in the neotropics (1997) Conservation Biology, 11 (4), pp. 977-982Amezcua, F., Madrid-Vera, J., Aguirre-Villasenor, H., Effect of the artisanal shrimp fishery on the ichthyofauna in the coastal lagoon of Santa Maria de la Reforma, southeastern Gulf of California (2006) Ciencias Marinas, 32 (1 B), pp. 97-109Baird, I.G., Flaherty, M.S., Mekong river fish conservation zones in Southern Laos: Assessing effectiveness using local ecological knowledge (2005) Environmental Management, 36 (3), pp. 439-454Begossi, A., The application of ecological theory to human behavior: Niche, diversity and optimal foraging (1995) Human Ecology: Progress Through Integrative Perspectives, pp. 153-161. , in R. Borden, M. Bubolz, L. Hens, J. Taylor, and T. Webler, editors. Society for Human Ecology, East Lansing, Michigan, USABegossi, A., Islanders of the southeastern coast: Livelihood, natural resources and resilience (2003) Conservação Da Diversidade Biológica E Cultural Em Zonas Costeiras: Enfoques E Experiências Na América Latina E Caribe, pp. 277-299. , in P. F. Vieira, editor. Aped Editora, Florianópolis, BrazilBegossi, A., Temporal stability in fishing spots: Conservation and co-management in Brazilian artisanal coastal fisheries (2006) Ecology and Society, 11 (1), p. 5. , hap://www.egglogyandsociety.org/vol11/iss1/art5/, [online]Begossi, A., Hanazaki, N., Ramos, R.M., Food chains and the reasons for food fish taboos among Amazonian and Atlantic Forest fishers (Brazil) (2004) Ecological Applications, 14 (5), pp. 1334-1343Begossi, A., Richerson, P.J., Biodiversity, family income and ecological niche: A study of the consumption of animal foods on Búzios Island (Brazil) (1993) Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 30, pp. 51-61Benefice, E., Barral, H., Differences in life style and nutritional status between settlers and Siona-Secoya Indians living in the same Amazonian milieu (1991) Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 24, pp. 307-322Bettinger, R.L., Hunter-gatherers as optimal foragers (1991) Hunter-Gatherers: Archaeological and Evolutionary Theory, pp. 83-111. , in R. L. Bettinger, editor. Plenum Press, New York, New York, USAColding, J., Folke, C., The relations among threatened species, their protection, and taboos (1997) Conservation Ecology, 1 (1), p. 6. , http://www.consecol.org/vol1/iss1/art6/, [online]Dufour, D.L., Teufel, N.I., Minimum data sets for the description of diet and measurement of food intake and nutritional status (1995) The Comparative Analysis of Human Societies: Toward Common Standards for Data Collection and Reporting, pp. 97-128. , in E. F. Moran, editor. Lynne Rienner Publishers, London, UKDurrenberger, E.P., Pálsson, G., Finding fish: The tactics of Iceland skippers (1986) American Ethnologist, 13 (2), pp. 213-229Ezra, M., (2001) Ecological Degradation, Rural Poverty, and Migration in Ethiopia: A Contextual Analysis, , Policy Research Division Working Paper No. 145. Population Council, New York, New York, USAFa, J.E., Juste, J., Burn, R.W., Broad, G., Bushmeat consumption and preferences of two ethnic groups in Bioko Island, West Africa (2002) Human Ecology, 30 (3), pp. 397-416Ferguson, E.L., Gibson, R.S., Opare-Obisaw, C., Osei-Opare, F., Lamba, C., Ounpuu, S., Seasonal food consumption patterns and dietary diversity of rural preschool Ghanaian and Malawian children (1993) Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 29, pp. 219-234Fleuret, A., Fleuret, P., Nutrition, consumption and agricultural change (1980) Human Organization, 39, pp. 250-260Goodland, R., Environmental sustainability in agriculture: Diet matters (1997) Ecological Economics, 23, pp. 189-200Gossard, M.H., York, R., Social structural influences on meat consumption (2003) Human Ecology Review, 10 (1), pp. 1-9Gross, D.R., Ecology and acculturation among native peoples of Central Brazil (1979) Science, 206 (30), pp. 1043-1050Hanazaki, N., Begossi, A., Fishing and niche dimension for food consumption of caiçaras from Ponta do Almada (Brazil) (2000) Human Ecology Review, 7 (2), pp. 52-62Hanazaki, N., Begossi, A., Does fish still matter? Changes in the diet of two Brazilian fishery communities (2003) Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 42, pp. 279-301Happold, D.C.D., The interaction between humans and mammals in Africa in relation to conservation: A review (1995) Biodiversity and Conservation, 4, pp. 395-414Hardesty, D.L., The niche concept: Suggestions for its use in human ecology (1975) Human Ecology, 3 (2), pp. 71-85Hawkes, K., Hill, K., O'Connel, J.F., Why hunters gather: Optimal foraging and the Aché of eastern Paraguay (1982) American Ethnologist, 9 (2), pp. 379-398Hutchinson, G.E., Concluding remarks: Cold Spring Harbor Symposium (1957) Quantitative Biology, 22, pp. 415-427Krebs, C.J., (1999) Ecological Methodology, , Second edition. Benjamin Cummings, San Francisco, California, USAKrebs, J.R., McCleery, R.H., Optimization in behavioural ecology (1984) Behavioural Ecology: An Evolutionary Approach, pp. 91-121. , in J. R. Krebs and N. B. Davies, editors. Blackwell Scientific, London, UKKuhnlein, H.V., Change in the use of traditional foods by the Nuxalk native people of British Columbia (1992) Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 27 (3-4), pp. 259-282Lopes, P.F.M., (2004) Ecologia Caiçara: Pesca E Uso De Recursos Na Comunidade Da Praia Do Puruba, , Thesis. Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, BrazilMacArthur, R.H., Pianka, E.R., On optimal use of a patchy environment (1966) American Naturalist, 100, pp. 603-609Magurran, A.E., (1988) Ecological Diversity and Its Measurement, , Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UKMcDonald, D.R., Food taboos: A primitive environmental protection agency (South America) (1977) Anthropos, 72, pp. 734-748Messer, E., Anthropological perspectives on diet (1984) Annual Review of Anthropology, 13, pp. 205-249Murrieta, R.S.S., Brondízio, E., Siquiera, A., Moran, E.F., Estratégias de subsistência de uma população ribeirinha do rio Marajó-Açu, Ilha de Marajó, Brasil (1993) Boletim Do Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Série Antropologia, 5 (2), pp. 147-163Murrieta, R.S.S., Dufour, A.L., Siquiera, A., Food consumption and subsistence in three caboclo populations on Marajó Island, Amazonia, Brazil (1999) Human Ecology, 27 (3), pp. 455-475Neiland, A.E., Weeks, J., Madakan, S.P., Ladu, B.M.B., Inland fisheries of North East Nigeria including the Upper Rive Benue, Lake Chad and the Nguru-Gashua wetlands. 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Fishers' Knowledge On The Coast Of Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Although fishers' knowledge has been recently considered into management programmes, there is still the need to establish a better understanding of fishers' perceptions and cognition. Fishers can provide novel information on the biology and ecology of species, which can potentially be used in the management of fisheries. The knowledge fishers have and how they classify nature is empirically based. It is common, for example, to observe that fishers' taxonomy is often represented by the generic level, one of the hierarchical categories of folk classification that is somewhat analogous to the Linnean genus, as it groups organisms of a higher rank than the folk species. In this study we compiled the knowledge fishers have on local fish, such as their folk names, diet and habitat. Methods: Five coastal communities widely distributed along the Brazilian coast were studied: two from the northeast (Porto Sauipe and Itacimirim, in Bahia State, n of interviewees = 34), two from the southeast (Itaipu at Niteroi and Copacabana at Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro State, n = 35) and one from the south coast (Pantano do Sul, in Santa Catarina State, n = 23). Fish pictures were randomly ordered and the same order was presented to all interviewees (n = 92), when they were then asked about the species name and classification and its habitat and diet preferences. Results: Fishers make clusters of fish species, usually hierarchically; fishers of the coast of Brazil use mostly primary lexemes (generic names) to name fish; and fishers did not differentiate between scientific species, since the same folk generic name included two different scientific species. Fishers provide information on species to which there is scarce or no information on diet and habitat, such as Rhinobatos percellens (chola guitarfish, arraia viola or cacao viola), Sphoeroides dorsalis (marbled puffer, baiacu), Mycteroperca acutirostris (comb grouper, badejo) and Dasyatis guttata (longnose stingray, arraia, arraia manteiga). Conclusions: fishers' knowledge on fish diet and fish habitat can be strategic to management, since their knowledge concentrates on the fishery target species, which are the ones under higher fishing pressure. Besides,12FAPESP [Fapesp 01/00718-1, 04/02301-9, Fapesp 14/16939-7, 14/24994-8]CNPQ[2014/24994-8]Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq

Temporal Stability In Fishing Spots: Conservation And Co-management In Brazilian Artisanal Coastal Fisheries

The management of small-scale artisanal fisheries in Brazil should be a priority because of their importance as a source of food for internal markets and their location in sites with high biodiversity, such as the Atlantic Forest coast. Fishing spots, territories, and sea tenure have been widely studied within artisanal fisheries, and, in this study, a fishing spot of this type may be a defended area or an area that imposes rules for users, making the exclusion of outsiders feasible, or even a place in which fishing occurs with some exclusivity. This analysis takes into account the importance of fishing areas for the conservation of artisanal fishing in Brazil and the relative temporal stability of these areas. In particular, examples of the use of the marine space on the coast of Brazil in areas such as Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Bahia States are presented. Fishing spots used by artisanal fishers were marked using a Global Positioning System (GPS). An informal division of the marine space and high temporal stability, often in the range of 10-30 yr, in the use of the fishing spots were found. For some fishing areas, information published in the 1960s provided a relevant comparison for the current use of the fishing spots at sea. Such information is very helpful for the management of artisanal fishing in Brazil because tourism has increased in some areas, recreational fishers have been fishing in marine spots used by artisanal fishers, and industrial fishers are spread over a wide range of the marine space in these coastal waters. This stability in the use of marine space among artisanal fishers plus local rules support the case for local co-management of artisanal fisheries. Reserving areas for artisanal fishers and understanding the behavior of other users are essential aspects for the management and conservation of artisanal fishing in Brazil. 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Fishermen's local ecological knowledge on Southeastern Brazilian coastal fishes: contributions to research, conservation, and management

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)We analyzed fishermen's local ecological knowledge (LEK) about the feeding habits, trophic interactions, habitats, fishing grounds, migration, and reproduction of nine coastal fishes in Buzios Island, southeastern Brazilian coast. We interviewed 39 fishermen using standardized questionnaires. Fishermen's LEK on habitat use and trophic interactions for the studied fishes agreed with the scientific literature, allowing the organization of reef and pelagic food webs. The interviewed fishermen mentioned that submerged rock formations would be important habitats for some large commercial fishes, such as Seriola spp., Caranx lams and Epinephelus marginatus. In some instances there was no scientific data to be compared with fishermen's LEK, and thus this kind of knowledge would be the only available source of information, such as for reproduction and migration of most of the studied fishes. We suggest herein ways to apply fishermen's LEK to develop and improve fisheries management measures, such as zoning of marine space, marine protected areas, and closed fishing seasons. Fishermen's LEK may be an important and feasible support to fisheries management and co-management.101133147Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)FAPESP [97/04446-9, 01/07247-4, 01/14526-7

Food taboos and folk medicine among fishermen from the Tocantins River (Brazil)

Fish utilization for food and folk medicine, and fish preference of families from the Tocantins river were studied. Questionnaires were used in the 234 interviews performed in cities, towns and scatteres houses located along 100 km of river stretch. Curimatí (Prochilodus nigricans) is the most consumed fish and pacu-manteiga (Mylossoma duriventre) the most preferred species. The fish species avoided are correlated with the species used in folk medicine (r_s = 0,54, p < 0.02). Food taboos, or fish species not consumed during illness, are also cited. The usefulness of fish species for folk medicine and the piscivorous habits of most fish quoted as not consumed partially explain the food choices of fishermen. These explanations conform to materialist theories in cultural ecology