Concurrent Use of Cigarettes and Smokeless Tobacco among US Males and Females

Background. The current study describes concurrent use of cigarettes and smokeless tobacco (CiST) among males and females and evaluates factors associated with CiST use. Methods. Cross-sectional data were drawn from the 2010 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS). Weighted stratified analyses were performed to find associations between CiST use and sociodemographic factors by gender. CiST users were compared to three different tobacco use groups: nonusers, exclusive smokers, and exclusive ST users. Results. Younger age and heavy alcohol consumption were consistently associated with increased odds of CiST use among both males and females, and regardless of comparison group. Among males, education was inversely related to CiST use, and these findings were consistent in all three comparisons. Among women, those unable to work or out of work were more likely to be CiST users, which was consistent across comparisons. American Indian females had higher odds of CiST use than White females when nontobacco users or smokers were the comparison group. Conclusion. This study identified sociodemographic characteristics associated with CiST use, and differences in these associations among women and men. Additionally, this study highlights the need to carefully consider what comparison groups should be used to examine factors associated with CiST use

Landowners, Recreationists, and Government: Cooperation and Conflict in Red River Gorge

The research reported is based on a holistic sociocultural study of a popular regional recreation site in Eastern Kentucky, the Red River Gorge. Our research with over 3200 recreational visitors to the Gorge, 395 members of four recreation/conservation groups, 44 local landowners, and with a large number of management personnel from various governmental agencies permits us to provide an especially comprehensive overview of the problems and prospects of this popular area. Our general purpose is to provide descriptive and analytic information that will allow managers to more effectively understand and cope with their work in Red River Gorge. In addition to this overall goal, our research provides an example of the use of some innovative ideas and techniques for the study of recreationists. Among our study tools was the construction of density tolerance curves for our recreationists. This method of assessing visitors\u27 tolerance for other recreationists was borrowed from the work of Heberlein (1977) though we know of no other instance in which it has been used so extensively. Density tolerance is an important component of the measurement of social carrying capacity of areas such as Red River Gorge. Perhaps the most important contribution of this research is the positing of the idea of recreational niches. Our work demonstrates that recreational areas like the Red River Gorge may contain many different recreational niches that are used in very different ways from other recreational sites within the same general setting. In addition, characteristics of the visitors who use any niche may be quite different from the characteristics of visitors using other sites. The recognition of the existence of recreational niches is vital to future recreational research which has management implications. The presence of recreational niches in an area may bias the data collection unless data are collected in all types of niches. Using only one niche as representative of the entire recreating populace can lead to erroneous predictions of visitor characteristics and preferences, and may lead to inappropriate management, The niche concept can also be used positively: managers may wish to encourage or discourage certain types of users, and knowledge of niche variety may contribute to this goal

Trials and Tribulations of Humanizing Mice for Cancer Research

Cancers are aggressive, evasive, and ruthless killers, claiming millions of lives every year. Cancers are heterogeneous and there is often no single, clearly defined problem as they harness and manipulate a multitude of fundamental mechanisms at the very essence of life. To investigate these mechanisms and vet potential interventive therapies, humanized mice offer a unique model as a prelude to the use of nanosecond pulse stimulation (NPS), a pulse power technology applying nanosecond duration, high electric field pulses, to ablate human tumors. Immunodeficient mouse strains, NSG and NSG-SGM3, were engrafted with human immune cells and human tumors, which would allow us to study the effects of NPS therapy on the human tumor and the human immune system, albeit not without trials and tribulations. Here we show that mice engrafted with human cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic stem cells (hCD34+ HSC) lack consistency in expansion and chimerism, or variety of immune cell types. Unfortunately, mice that developed the human immune system rejected the human tumors without treatment, while mice that rejected the immune system developed the human tumors. Therefore, we had mice with human immune systems and no tumor to treat, and mice with tumors to treat yet no immune system to study. In non-humanized mice, NPS induced complete tumor death in the patient derived mammary cancer xenograft (PDX) model, but not in the MDA-MB-231 VIM-RFP mammary cancer cell-derived xenograft (CDX) model. The absence of NPS elimination of the CDX is the only known NPS cancer failure and requires further study.https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/gradposters2021_gradschool/1000/thumbnail.jp

The Beebe\u27s \u27Our Search for a Wilderness\u27

Volume: 27Start Page: 353End Page: 35

Les sources de l’oeuvre de Marcel Proust.

L'oeuvre de Marcel Proust englobe une série d'éléments aussi divers que l'imagination peut les concevoir. ''A la Recherche du Temps Perdu" est à la fois une sorte d'autobiographie, un roman historique,une analyse psychologique,et un -traité philosophique. Tous ces aspects se combinent et se lient inextricablement dans le héros qui représente l'auteur lui-même. La diversité des sujets,l'originalité et la complexité de sa méthode et de son style présentent un problème littéraire extrêmement difficile à analyser. [...