Quelle sylviculture des peuplements mélangés ? Restitution de l'atelier 3

L'article donne le compte-rendu condensé de l'atelier de discussion sur les peuplements mélangés qui a eu lieu dans le cadre du colloque "forêts mélangées : quels scénarios pour l'avenir ?" / The article reports briefly discussions that took place during the workshop on "mixed stands: which scenarios for future?"PEUPLEMENT MELANGE;SYLVICULTURE;REGENERATION DES ARBRES;CONDUITE DU PEUPLEMENT;REFERENCE TECHNICO ECONOMIQUE;FAGUS SYLVATICA;QUERCUS PETRAEA;PEUPLEMENT EQUIENNE;PEUPLEMENT INEQUIENNE;BESOIN EN EAU;LUMIERE;CONCURRENCE VEGETALE;COUT;COMPETITION

Carbon dioxide volume estimated from seismic data after six years of injection in the oil field of Buracica, Bahia

AbstractCarbon dioxide has been injected since 1991 in the oil field of Buracica in the Recôncavo Basin in Brazil for EOR purposes. The CO2 gas is injected into the upper oil reservoirs, a 13 m-thick sandstone layer, at a depth of about 550 m. The reservoir is included in a tilted block dipping at an angle of 5 to 6° toward the south-east.A 3D seismic survey was carried out six years after the beginning of CO2 injection. Sensitivity studies concluded that the gas-invaded and the oil-filled parts of the reservoir show only a weak contrast between their mechanical properties so that their interface might not appear in the seismic sections.Directional dip filtering of the seismic data underlines horizontal events crossing the dipping layer interfaces. Some of them can be interpreted as the gas/oil contact. A careful picking and mapping of these events reveal two accumulations of carbon dioxide on each side of a system of N-S faults, with slightly different gas/oil contact levels. Estimation of the gas volume and of the density leads to a rough estimate of the mass of CO2 in place, indicating that about one third of the CO2 injected was stored in the reservoir

Differing growth responses to nutritional supplements in neighboring health districts of Burkina Faso are likely due to benefits of small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS)

Background : Of two community-based trials among young children in neighboring health districts of Burkina Faso, one found that small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (LNS) increased child growth compared with a non-intervention control group, but zinc supplementation did not in the second study. Objectives : We explored whether the disparate growth outcomes were associated with differences in intervention components, household demographic variables, and/or children's morbidity. Methods : Children in the LNS study received 20g LNS daily containing different amounts of zinc (LNS). Children in the zinc supplementation study received different zinc supplementation regimens (Z-Suppl). Children in both studies were visited weekly for morbidity surveillance. Free malaria and diarrhea treatment was provided by the field worker in the LNS study, and by a village-based community-health worker in the zinc study. Anthropometric assessments were repeated every 13-16 weeks. For the present analyses, study intervals of the two studies were matched by child age and month of enrollment. The changes in length-for-age z-score (LAZ) per interval were compared between LNS and Z-Suppl groups using mixed model ANOVA or ANCOVA. Covariates were added to the model in blocks, and adjusted differences between group means were estimated. Results : Mean ages at enrollment of LNS (n = 1716) and Z-Suppl (n = 1720) were 9.4 +/- 0.4 and 10.1 +/- 2.7 months, respectively. The age-adjusted change in mean LAZ per interval declined less with LNS (-0.07 +/- 0.44) versus Z-Suppl (-0.21 +/- 0.43; p<0.0001). There was a significant group by interval interaction with the greatest difference found in 9-12 month old children (p<0.0001). Adjusting for demographic characteristics and morbidity did not reduce the observed differences by type of intervention, even though the morbidity burden was greater in the LNS group. Conclusions : Greater average physical growth in children who received LNS could not be explained by known cross-trial differences in baseline characteristics or morbidity burden, implying that the observed difference in growth response was partly due to LNS

The Géocarbone-Monitoring Project: Main results and recommendations for monitoring deep geological CO2 storage in the Paris Basin

International audienceThe aim of the Géocarbone-Monitoring research project was the evaluation and testing, as far as possible, of the different monitoring methods that might be applied in the specific context of the Paris Basin. Their main objectives are to: detect and map CO2 in the reservoir rocks;detect and quantify possible leaks between the reservoir and the surface. The partners developed several thoughts and research concerning the various monitoring methods. This enabled drawing up a critical overview of existing methods and proposing leads for further work. At the end of the project, recommendations were made for the stakeholders of CO2 storage, i.e. the government departments regulating storage, decision-makers, and future site operators. In addition, a proposal was made for the general design and implementation of a monitoring programme of an injection test in the Paris Basin, within a depleted reservoir or a deep aquifer

The impact of integrated prevention and treatment on child malnutrition and health: the PROMIS project, a randomized control trial in Burkina Faso and Mali

Abstract Background Evidence suggests that both preventive and curative nutrition interventions are needed to tackle child acute malnutrition (AM) in developing countries. In addition to reducing the incidence of AM, providing preventive interventions may also help increase attendance (and coverage) of AM screening, a major constraint in the community-based management of child acute malnutrition (CMAM) model. There is a paucity of evidence-based strategies to deliver integrated preventive and curative interventions effectively and affordably at scale. The aim of the Innovative Approaches for the Prevention of Childhood Malnutrition (PROMIS) study is to assess the feasibility, quality of implementation, effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of an integrated child malnutrition prevention and treatment intervention package implemented through a community-based platform in Mali and a facility-based platform in Burkina Faso. Methods/Design The PROMIS intervention entails a comprehensive preventive package offered on a monthly basis to caregivers of children, while children are screened for acute malnutrition (AM). The package consists of behavior change communication on essential nutrition and hygiene actions, and monthly preventive doses of small quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements (SQ-LNS) for children aged 6 to 23.9 months. Positive AM cases are referred to treatment services offered by first-line health services according to the CMAM model. The PROMIS intervention will be evaluated using a mixed methods approach. The impact study encompasses two types of study design: i) repeated cross-sectional surveys conducted at baseline and at endline after 24 months of program implementation and ii) a longitudinal study with a monthly follow-up for 18 months. Primary study impact measures include the incidence and endpoint prevalence of AM, AM screening coverage and treatment compliance. A process evaluation will assess the feasibility and quality of implementation of the intervention guided by country specific program impact pathways (PIPs). Cost-effectiveness analysis will assess the economic feasibility of the intervention. Discussion The PROMIS study assesses the effectiveness of an innovative model to integrate prevention and treatment interventions for greater and more sustainable impacts on the incidence and prevalence of AM using a rigorous, theory-based randomized control trial approach. This type of programmatic research is urgently needed to help program implementers, policy makers, and investors prioritize, select and scale-up the best program models to prevent and treat AM and achieve the World Health Assembly goal of reducing childhood wasting to less than 5% globally by the year 2025. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov NCT02323815 (registered on December 18, 2014) and NCT02245152 (registered on September 16, 2014

Stories of Change in Nutrition in Burkina Faso 1992–2018: a Micro-level Perspective

Looking back at what has effectively improved nutrition may inform policy makers on how to accelerate progress to end all forms of malnutrition by 2030. As under-five stunting declined substantially in Burkina Faso, we analyzed its nutrition story at the micro-level. We conducted a regression-decomposition analysis to identify demographic and health drivers associated with change in height-for-age using longitudinal, secondary, nationally-representative data. We triangulated results with findings from semi-structured community interviews (n = 91) in two “model communities” with a history of large stunting reduction. We found that improvement in immunization coverage, assets accumulation and reduction in open defecation were associated with 23%, 10% and 6.1% of the improvement in height-for-age, respectively. Associations were also found with other education, family planning, health and WASH indicators. Model communities acknowledged progress in the coverage and quality of nutrition-specific and nutrition-sensitive sectoral programs co-located at the community level, especially those delivered through the health and food security sectors, though delivery challenges remained in a context of systemic poverty and persistent food insecurity. Burkina Faso’s health sector’s success in improving coverage of nutrition and healthcare programs may have contributed to improvements in child nutrition alongside other programmatic improvements in the food security, WASH and education sectors. Burkina Faso should continue to operationalize sectoral nutrition-sensitive policies into higher-quality programs at scale, building on its success stories such as vaccination. Community leverage gaps and data gaps need to be filled urgently to pressure for and monitor high coverage, quality delivery, and nutrition impact of agriculture, education, and WASH interventions

The Phenix guide to animal euthanasia

Euthanasia of animals is a veterinary act whose difficulty is evident at many levels: it generates sadness, if not distress, in the owner; it ruins all hopes of a possible cure for the veterinarian; its practical realization is never easy and requires a great level of professionalism from the practitioner. The "Phenix" site was conceived by Qualityvet to help veterinary practitioners. Thanks to an interactive information that includes both reglementary and technical advice, together with a few interesting returns from the field, the "Phenix" guide targets every animal species, whether pet animals or rent animals. For each animal species, it takes into consideration its pecularities during the three successive phases: before- during- and after euthanasia. Its clear presentation allows the practitioner to rapidly access the informatioon he is looking for.L’euthanasie des animaux est un acte vétérinaire dont la difficulté s’exprime à de nombreux niveaux : il génère tristesse, voire désarroi chez le détenteur de l’animal, il anéantit les espoirs de guérison pour le vétérinaire, sa réalisation est toujours délicate et requière, de la part de celui qui doit la pratiquer, un grand professionnalisme. C’est pour aider le praticien que Qualitévet a conçu le site « Phénix ». Grâce à une information interactive sous la forme d’une liste de conseils pratiques touchant à la fois au réglementaire et au technique et agrémenté de quelques retours d’expérience très pédagogiques, le guide « Phénix » s’intéresse à toutes les espèces : animaux de compagnie et animaux de rente. Il décrit les particularités pour chacune d’elles au cours des trois phases chronologiques : avant, pendant et après l’euthanasie. Sa présentation très claire permet au praticien d’accéder très rapidement au conseil qui lui est nécessaire