Avaliação agro-ambiental dos sistemas de cultura sob plantio direto, cultivo mínimo e aração na região de Is sur Tille (Côte d'Or -França) e Ituporanga (SC - Brasil)

TCC (graduação em Agronomia) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, 2010À partir de alguns anos o GEDA (Grupo de estudos e desenvolvimento agrícolas) da Tille (região do departamento da Côte d'Or - França) e os agricultores de Ituporanga (SC/Brasil) atentos às questões agronômicas e ambientais, puseram em questão as suas práticas agrícolas e se lançaram em um programa de mudança do seus sistemas de cultura, adotando as técnicas culturais de trabalho do solo sem arado que visam conduzir as parcelas em plantio direto com cobertura vegetal. Neste contexto e com a problemática atual de proteção do meio ambiente, uma avaliação das práticas fitossanitárias dos diferentes sistemas de cultura (arado, técnicas culturais sem arado "TCSA" , e plantio direto com cobertura vegetal "SDSCV") foi realizada utilizando o indicador de pressão fitossanitária I-Phy. Com uma análise geral das culturas e dos sistemas dessa zona, constata-se que os tratamentos em solo arado apresentam os maiores riscos de contaminação e em SDSCV os menores riscos. Entretanto, as práticas de cada agricultor são fundamentais nesses riscos. As fortes doses de glifosato em SDSCV não aparentam induzir à riscos importantes. Há diferenças nas conduções das culturas que induzem à riscos que variam segundo o sistema de condução e a natureza das culturas. Assim em Is sur Tille o Colza em SDSCV induz à riscos pouco expressivos. Por outro lado a cevada de inverno tem riscos ambientais importantes nos três sistemas, o que confirma que certas culturas podem ter mais impactos sobre o ambiente que outras. Em Ituporanga houveram baixos indicadores de poluição ambiental em ambos os 3 sistemas, sendo o SDSCV o que apresentou os melhores resultados. A cultura da cebola nesta região também é mais poluente, principalmente quando conduzida no sistema convencional. A cooperação entre os organismos de desenvolvimento, a pesquisa e os agricultores poderá permitir uma adoção mais importante do plantio direto com cobertura vegetal pelos agricultores destas zonas. O sistema poderá, em seguida, se expandir à outras regiões e agroecossistemas

Organizational forms and technical efficiency of the dairy processing industry in Southern Brazil

The objective of this article is to assess the determinants of the technical efficiency of dairy processing firms in Southern Brazil while accounting for their different organizational forms, namely cooperatives and investor-owned firms. The data from 243 milk processors in southern Brazil, including firm structure, management capacity, and organizational choice of dairies, were analyzed. A production frontier is specified to estimate technical efficiency and identify its potential driving sources. Bayesian techniques are used to estimate the model. An average efficiency of 77% indicates that the actual output is 23% below its potential, which implies that output could, on average, be increased by approximately 31.6%, under ceteris paribus conditions. Economies of scale were also detected. The analysis reveals that the management capacity within companies is the main determinant of efficiency. Idle capacities of processing plants are an important source of inefficiencies and cooperatives are more efficient than investor-owned firms, despite their transaction costs potentially being higher and the five vaguely defined property rights inherent to the traditional cooperatives which they must overcome. Knowledge about the cooperatives\u2019 objectives other than profit maximization would provide a more realistic comparison against investor-owned firms. This study assessed the determinants of the efficiency levels of dairy processing companies in an emerging economy using a unique own dataset with data collected at a plant level. Based on the results, manifold managerial and political implications have been derived that can benefit the dairy industry of developing and emerging economies

Evaluating the contribution of antimicrobial use in farmed animals to global antimicrobial resistance in humans

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is currently regarded by the World Health Organization (WHO) as one of the most significant risks to global public health. The most critical causes of AMR infections in humans are the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in humans and farmed animals. The rising global demand for food of animal origin encourages the increase of animal production worldwide, especially in developing countries. Simultaneously, current farming practices often extensively use antimicrobials on animals, influencing bacterial AMR incidence. This study aims to evaluate the correlation between antimicrobial use (AMU) in farmed animals and the detection of AMR infections in humans, the effects of enforcing laws in animal farming in a country on AMR situation in the neighbors, and the potential of AMR to spread from one country to another. Using data from 30 largest animal-producing countries in different regions of the world, between 2010 and 2020, and a Spatial Durbin Model (SDM), we found that AMU in farmed animals increases AMR in humans and there is a spatial dependence between countries regarding AMR spreading. Such findings indicate that a globally coordinated strategy regulating AMU on farmed animals may reduce AMR emergence and worldwide spreading

Advancing One Health: Updated core competencies

One Health recognises the interdependence between the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment. With the increasing inclusion of One Health in multiple global health strategies, the One Health workforce must be prepared to protect and sustain the health and well-being of life on the planet. In this paper, a review of past and currently accepted One Health core competencies was conducted, with competence gaps identified. Here, the Network for Ecohealth and One Health (NEOH) propose updated core competencies designed to simplify what can be a complex area, grouping competencies into three main areas of: Skills; Values and Attitudes; and Knowledge and Awareness; with several layers underlying each. These are intentionally applicable to stakeholders from various sectors and across all levels to support capacity-building efforts within the One Health workforce. The updated competencies from NEOH can be used to evaluate and enhance current curricula, create new ones, or inform professional training programs at all levels, including students, university teaching staff, or government officials as well as continual professional development for frontline health practitioners and policy makers. The competencies are aligned with the new definition of One Health developed by the One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP), and when supported by subjectspecific expertise, will deliver the transformation needed to prevent and respond to complex global challenges

Atributos microbiológicos e químicos de um Argissolo adubado com esterco de suínos

The objective of this work was to evaluate the microbiological and chemical attributes of a soil with a seven‑year history of urea and swine manure application. In the period from October 2008 to October 2009, soil samples were collected in the 0–10 cm layer and were subjected to the treatments: control, without application of urea or manure; and with the application of urea, pig slurry, and deep pig litter in two doses, in order to supply one or two times the recommended N doses for the maize (Zea mays)/black oat (Avena strigosa) crop succession. The carbon of the microbial biomass (MB‑C) and the basal respiration (C‑CO2) were analyzed, and the metabolic (qCO2) and microbial quotient (qmic) were calculated with the obtained data. Organic matter, pH in water, available P and K, and exchangeable Ca and Mg were also determined. The application of twice the dose of deep pig litter increases the MB‑C and C‑CO2 values. The qmic and qCO2 are little affected by the application of swine manure. The application of twice the dose of deep pig litter increases the values of pH in water and the contents of available P and of exchangeable Ca and Mg in the soil.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os atributos microbiológicos e químicos de um solo com histórico de sete anos de aplicação de ureia e dejetos de suínos. No período de outubro de 2008 a outubro de 2009, foram coletadas amostras de solo na camada de 0–10 cm, as quais foram submetidas aos tratamentos: controle, sem aplicação de ureia ou dejetos; e com a aplicação de ureia, dejetos líquidos e cama sobreposta de suínos em duas doses, para suprir uma ou duas vezes a dose de N recomendada para a sucessão milho (Zea mays)/aveia‑preta (Avena strigosa). O carbono da biomassa microbiana (C‑BM) e a respiração basal (C‑CO2) foram analisados, e o coeficiente metabólico (qCO2) e o microbiano (qmic) foram calculados com os dados obtidos. Também foram determinados matéria orgânica, pH em água, P e K disponíveis, e Ca e Mg trocáveis. A aplicação do dobro da dose de cama sobreposta de suínos aumenta os valores de C‑BM e C‑CO2. O qmic e o qCO2 são pouco afetados pela aplicação de dejetos de suínos. A aplicação do dobro da dose de cama sobreposta de suínos aumenta os valores de pH em água e os teores de P disponível e de Ca e Mg trocáveis no solo

Advancing One Health:Updated core competencies

International audienceAbstract One Health recognises the interdependence between the health of humans, animals, plants and the environment. With the increasing inclusion of One Health in multiple global health strategies, the One Health workforce must be prepared to protect and sustain the health and well-being of life on the planet. In this paper, a review of past and currently accepted One Health core competencies was conducted, with competence gaps identified. Here, the Network for Ecohealth and One Health (NEOH) propose updated core competencies designed to simplify what can be a complex area, grouping competencies into three main areas of: Skills; Values and Attitudes; and Knowledge and Awareness; with several layers underlying each. These are intentionally applicable to stakeholders from various sectors and across all levels to support capacity-building efforts within the One Health workforce. The updated competencies from NEOH can be used to evaluate and enhance current curricula, create new ones, or inform professional training programs at all levels, including students, university teaching staff, or government officials as well as continual professional development for frontline health practitioners and policy makers. The competencies are aligned with the new definition of One Health developed by the One Health High-Level Expert Panel (OHHLEP), and when supported by subjectspecific expertise, will deliver the transformation needed to prevent and respond to complex global challenges. One Health Impact Statement Within a rapidly changing global environment, the need for practitioners competent in integrated approaches to health has increased substantially. Narrow approaches may not only limit opportunities for global and local solutions but, initiatives that do not consider other disciplines or social, economic and cultural contexts, may result in unforeseen and detrimental consequences. In keeping with principles of One Health, the Network for Ecohealth and One Health (NEOH) competencies entail a collaborative effort between multiple disciplines and sectors. They focus on enabling practitioners, from any background, at any level or scale of involvement, to promote and support a transformation to integrated health approaches. The updated competencies can be layered with existing disciplinary competencies and used to evaluate and enhance current education curricula, create new ones, or inform professional training programs at all levels-including for students, teachers and government officials as well as continual professional development for frontline health practitioners and policymakers. The competencies outlined here are applicable to all professionals and disciplines who may contribute to One Health, and are complimentary to, not a replacement for, any discipline-specific competencies. We believe the NEOH competencies meet the need outlined by the Quadripartite’s (Food and Agriculture Organisation, United Nations Environment Programme, World Health Organisation, World Organisation for Animal Health) Joint Plan of Action on One Health which calls for cross-sectoral competencies

Carbon footprint and mitigation strategies among heterogeneous dairy farms in Paraná, Brazil

Dairy production is a vital part of the Brazilian agri-food system, providing food security, employment, and income in rural areas. Nevertheless, rearing dairy cattle leads to greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions which may contribute to global warming and consequently climate change. The remarkable heterogeneity among dairy farms as well as the lack of representative research pose constraints to the development of effective actions to reduce GHG emissions in emerging countries. In this study, we explore a large farm survey to group farms and derive their carbon footprint (CF). Cluster analysis and life cycle assessment are applied to a sample of 911 farms. The results of the analysis categorized the farms into four groups. Statistical comparisons indicated a significant difference in the CF between groups for producing one kg of fat and protein corrected milk (FPCM). The mean CF results ranged from 1.75 kg CO2eq. (kg FPCM)−1 in Group 1 (G1) to 3.27 kg CO2eq. (kg FPCM)−1 in Group 4 (G4). While G1 was composed of larger farms, on average having more access to technologies and technical support, G4 was composed of less specialized producers, owning dual-purpose herds. We also identified and discussed key strategies and management practices that can be adopted by farmers for reducing the CF of dairy farming. Research and policy should strive to accelerate farmers’ adoption of intensification technologies and practices, though following sustainable intensification practices that also account for regional socioeconomic development