The perspective of Croatian old apple cultivars in extensive farming for the production of functional foods

The Republic of Croatia has a long tradition of fruit growing due to its geographical location, climatic conditions, and high quality of fruit crops, especially apple fruits. Apples can be used for the formulation of functional foods either in processed form (e.g., juice), or as a by-product (e.g., apple pomace). However, there is a growing demand for functional foods derived from ancient and traditional plant sources as they are recognized as a very valuable source of health-promoting bioactive ingredients. Similarly, old apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.) are characterized by good morphological and pomological properties, less need for chemicals during cultivation and the higher share of biologically active compounds (BACs) with better sensory acceptability compared to commercial cultivars. However, their nutritional and biological potential is underestimated, as is their ability to be processed into functional food. The importance in preserving old apple cultivars can also be seen in their significance for improving the nutritional composition of other apple cultivars through innovative cultivation strategies, and therefore old local apple cultivars could be of great importance in future breeding programs.Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost | Ref. IP-2019-04-2105European Commission | Ref. KK.01.1.1.04.009

Eurasian consumers' food safety beliefs and trust issues in the age of COVID ‐19: evidence from an online survey in 15 countries

Eurasian consumers' food safety beliefs and trust issues in the age of COVID ‐19: evidence from an online survey in 15 countries Igor Tomasevic Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL) Quakenbrück Germany Department of Dairy Technology and Functional Foods, Faculty of Food Sciences and Biotechnology University of Life Sciences in Lublin Lublin Poland https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1611-2264 Garegin Hambardzumyan Armenian National Agrarian University Yerevan Armenia Gayane Marmaryan Armenian National Agrarian University Yerevan Armenia Aleksandra Nikolic Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences University of Sarajevo Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina Alen Mujcinovic Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences University of Sarajevo Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina Weizheng Sun School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5769-4275 Xiao‐Chen Liu School of Food Science and Engineering South China University of Technology Guangzhou China Danijela Bursać Kovačević Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia Anica Bebek Markovinović Faculty of Food Technology and Biotechnology University of Zagreb Zagreb Croatia Nino Terjung German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL) Quakenbrück Germany Volker Heinz German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL) Quakenbrück Germany Maria Papageorgiou Department of Food Science and Technology International Hellenic University Thessaloniki Greece Adriana Skendi Department of Food Science and Technology International Hellenic University Thessaloniki Greece Gunjan Goel Department of Microbiology Central University of Haryana Mahendragarh India https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8761-929X Mamta Raghav Department of Life Sciences RPS Degree College Mahendragarh India Antonella Dalle Zotte Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health University of Padova Padova Italy Dimitar Nakov Faculty of Agriculture "Goce Delcev" University in Stip Shtip Republic of North Macedonia Faculty of Medical Sciences "Goce Delcev" University in Stip Shtip Republic of North Macedonia Valentina Velkoska Faculty of Agriculture "Goce Delcev" University in Stip Shtip Republic of North Macedonia Bartosz G. Sołowiej Department of Dairy Technology and Functional Foods, Faculty of Food Sciences and Biotechnology University of Life Sciences in Lublin Lublin Poland Anastasia A. Semenova V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems Moscow Russia Oksana A. Kuznetsova V. M. Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems Moscow Russia Miroslav Krocko Department of Technology and Quality of Animal Products, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences Institute of Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra Nitra Slovakia Viera Duckova Department of Technology and Quality of Animal Products, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Sciences Institute of Food Sciences, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra Nitra Slovakia Jose M. Lorenzo Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia Ourense Spain https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7725-9294 Noemi Echegaray Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia Ourense Spain https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7393-2955 Emel Oz Department of Food Engineering, Agriculture Faculty Atatürk University Erzurum Türkiye https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3766-2713 Fatih Oz Department of Food Engineering, Agriculture Faculty Atatürk University Erzurum Türkiye https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5300-7519 Ilija Djekic Faculty of Agriculture University of Belgrade Belgrade Serbia Abstract BACKGROUND This investigation provides an important insight into Eurasian consumers' food safety beliefs and trust issues influenced by the COVID‐19 pandemic. An online survey was conducted in 15 European and Asian countries involving more than 4000 consumers. RESULTS It has confirmed that different socioeconomic characteristics, cultural aspects and education levels shape food safety perceptions within Eurasian countries. The COVID‐19 pandemic influenced their beliefs and trust in food safety, which is relatively low on average. However, it is significantly higher for European consumers (especially European Union ones) compared to their Asian counterparts. Both Asian and European respondents agreed that food fraud and climate changes represent a food safety issue. However, European consumers were less concerned regarding the food safety of genetically modified foods and meat and dairy analogs/hybrids. Asian consumers were, to a greater extent, worried about the risk of getting COVID‐19 from food, restaurants, food retail establishments and home food deliveries. CONCLUSION Eurasian consumers have put their greatest extent of trust, when food safety assurance is concerned, into food scientists and food producers holding a food safety certificate. Broadly, they are uncertain to what extent their federal governments and food inspectors are competent, able and efficient in ensuring food safety. Higher education of Eurasian consumers was followed by increased food safety confidence in all parts of the food chain. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. 07 13 2023 jsfa.12815 10.1002/jsfa.12815 2 10.1002/crossmark_policy onlinelibrary.wiley.com true 2023-02-27 2023-06-21 2023-07-13 http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ 10.1002/jsfa.12815 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jsfa.12815 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/jsfa.12815 10.1097/PHH.0000000000001470 10.4315/JFP-21-096 10.1186/s12889-022-12568-4 10.1007/s10551-015-2690-5 10.1037/ipp0000074 10.1007/BF02249397 10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.09.012 10.1093/heapro/daw024 10.1016/S0195-6663(03)00112-0 10.1080/18692729.2017.1256987 10.1080/15287394.2016.1174008 10.1016/B978-0-12-381504-0.00041-X 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107800 Studies in Systems, Decision and Control Azzam Z 25 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105309 10.2139/ssrn.4053920 LimA XuJandYuYeds Consumer Food Demand Shifts in the COVID‐19 Pandemic: An Empirical Study Based on Retail Sales Data. 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Primjena tehnologije preprekama i 3D ispisa u razvoju funkcionalne hrane na bazi jagode

Strawberry (Fragaria x Ananassa Duch.) is valuable fruit for functional juices production, but its quality is affected by heat treatment. In this work, the effects of hurdle technology as an alternative to thermal treatment were investigated in combination of pulsed electric field and high-power ultrasound as non-thermal alternatives, with the aim of producing functional fruit juices of higher nutritional, biological and sensory quality. Juices processed in this way were used to develop functional fruit products with unique composition, geometry and extended shelf life using three-dimensional printing (3DP). Due to its physico-chemical properties, strawberry is very challenging material for 3DP, therefore the addition of strawberry tree fruit (Arbutus unedo L.) as natural thickener provided a suitable consistency for 3DP, but also added an improved nutritional and biological value. Finally, the possibility of using sustainable processing that provides consumers with nutritionally and biologically valuable, healthy and attractive functional fruit product was explored.Jagoda (Fragaria x Ananassa Duch.) je visokovrijedna sirovina za proizvodnju funkcionalnih sokova, no toplinskom obradom dolazi do narušavanja njihove kvalitete. U ovom radu su ispitani učinci tehnologije preprekama kao zamjena toplinskom tretmanu, u kombinaciji s pulsirajućim električnim poljem i ultrazvukom visoke snage kao netoplinskim alternativama, a s ciljem proizvodnje funkcionalnih voćnih sokova više nutritivne, biološke i senzorske kvalitete. Sokovi obrađeni na ovaj način korišteni su za razvoj funkcionalnih voćnih proizvoda jedinstvenog sastava i geometrije te produženog roka trajanja koristeći trodimenzionalni ispis (3DP). Zbog svojih fizikalno-kemijskih svojstava, jagoda je vrlo izazovan materijal za 3DP, stoga je dodatak plodova maginje (Arbutus unedo L.) kao prirodnog zgušnjivača omogućio prikladnu konzistenciju za 3DP, ali je također unaprijedio nutritivnu te biološku vrijednost ispisanih proizvoda. Tako je ispitana mogućnost primjene održivih procesa prerade koji potrošačima pružaju nutritivno i biološki vrijedne, zdravstveno ispravne i privlačne funkcionalne voćne proizvode

A Chemometric Investigation on the Functional Potential in High Power Ultrasound (HPU) Processed Strawberry Juice Made from Fruits Harvested at two Stages of Ripeness

This work aimed to investigate the influence of high-power ultrasound (HPU) technology on the stability of bioactive compounds in strawberry juices obtained from fruits with different stages of ripeness (75% vs. 100%) and stored at 4 °C for 7 days. HPU parameters were amplitude (25, 50, 75, and 100%), pulses (50 vs. 100%) and treatment time (5 vs. 10 min). Amplitude and pulse had a significant effect (p ≤ 0.05) on all bioactive compounds except flavonols and hydroxycinnamic acids. The treatment duration of 5 min vs. 10 min had a significant positive impact on the content of anthocyanins, flavonols and condensed tannins, while the opposite was observed for total phenols, whereas no statistically significant effect was observed for hydroxycinnamic acids. The temperature changes during HPU treatment correlated positively with almost all HPU treatment parameters (amplitude, pulse, energy, power, frequency). Optimal parameters of HPU were obtained for temperature changes, where the highest content of a particular group of bioactive compounds was obtained. Results showed that by combining fruits with a certain ripeness and optimal HPU treatment, it would be possible to produce juices with highly preserved bioactive compounds, while HPU technology has prospects for application in functional food products

Chemometric Valorization of Strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.) cv. ‘Albion’ for the Production of Functional Juice: The Impact of Physicochemical, Toxicological, Sensory, and Bioactive Value

Strawberries (Fragaria x ananassa Duch. cv. ‘Albion’) were harvested at two stages of ripeness (75% vs. 100%) and their physicochemical, sensory, toxicological, and bioactive properties were evaluated before and after processing into juice. The fresh fruits and their by-products were also evaluated. During processing into juice, the color change was higher in the fully ripe fruits, confirming the encouraging prospects for using the less ripe strawberries for processing. The analysis of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Ni, As, Cd, Pb) was carried out, and in juice and by-product samples of 100% maturity, only Pb was higher than the MDK. Of the 566 pesticides analyzed, only cyprodinil was found in the by-products of the strawberries at 75% maturity, while pyrimethanil was detected in all samples. Fresh strawberries of both ripeness levels were rated similarly to the corresponding juices for all sensory attributes studied, indicating that sensory perception was not affected by processing. However, ripeness was found to be an important factor influencing most sensory attributes. The by-products were the materials with the highest levels of all bioactive compounds. Considering all quality parameters evaluated, the chemometric evaluation confirms the suitability of 75% ripe strawberries for processing into functional juice, which could be important for the juice industry

3D printing as novel tool for fruit-based functional food production

Daily consumption of fruits/vegetables has a preventive effect against several chronic diseases, mainly because of their bioactive compounds (BACs) and potent antioxidant activity. As consumers demand more of the health-promoting products, it would be a great challenge to enrich these products with functional ingredients that they do not naturally possess, such as lipophilic BACs, probiotics, proteins/peptides, and so on. Currently, a great potential in the field of food innovation can be achieved through 3D food printing (3DP). This is a technique for producing three-dimensional food products of any shape and dimension, with preferred flavors, and desired nutritional compositions. 3DP could be a promising tool to incorporate sensitive and easily degradable BACs and other functional ingredients into functional 3DP food products, making a great contribution to healthy food production. Therefore, 3DP could contribute greatly to increasing the consumption of fruits and vegetables and promoting health. Other advantages of 3DP include time and energy savings, sustainability, and personalized, reproducible food production. However, the safety of 3DP foods has been less extensively addressed. Nevertheless, the use of innovative non-thermal technologies can extend the shelf-life and nutritional value of 3DP foods. In conclusion, the application of 3DP in food manufacturing could overcome major limitations of traditional manufacturing and provide solutions to the challenges of processing fruit-based functional foods

Food Quality 4.0: Sustainable Food Manufacturing for the Twenty-First Century

The demand for high quality foods has steadily increased as response to market pressures and to other factors. The concept of food quality (FQ) gradually evolved to address changes in consumer perceptions and due to available technological advances. Evolution followed from FQ 1.0 (defective foods removal) over FQ 2.0 (prevention-based quality assurance), FQ 3.0 (total quality management; TQM), and finally the upcoming concept of FQ 4.0 that is focused on advanced technologies (Internet of Things, Big Data, artificial intelligence, etc.) for improving traceability, food safety, and quality assurance. This evolution from FQ 1.0 up to 4.0 followed perfection of conventional/advanced methods and the expansion of their scope to include the reductions of waste/pollution. This manuscript provides background and brief overview for current and traditional concepts of FQ with consumers in focus while mentioning techniques that are traditionally used for FQ assessments. Also, it describes migration toward FQ 4.0 and how it compares with traditional FQ, while considering products, processes, systems, and sustainable (nano)technologies for improvements of manufacturing and waste reductions. Such information is useful for practical guides for stakeholders in food chain (e.g., food managers, technologists, and consultants). Findings implied importance for developing the area within the “FQ 4.0 triangle,” whose three edges are “food science,” “quality assurance,” and “industry 4.0 (that has the tools/technologies to support this industrial concept).” This area has numerous opportunities for various applications in food sector and for gathering knowledge, currently needed in the food industry. Including data on the suitability of advanced technologies for food manufacturing (e.g., 3D printing), their association with quality/safety, reduction of waste/contaminants, all in order to reach sustainable food production

Characterization of Antioxidant Bioactive Compounds and Rheological, Color and Sensory Properties in 3D-Printed Fruit Snacks

The influence of wheat starch (6%, 8% and 10%, w/w) and a 3D printing program (program 1 vs. program 2) on the content of bioactive compounds, antioxidant capacity, color parameters and rheological and sensory properties was investigated in 3D strawberry and strawberry tree fruit snacks. Increasing the starch content led to a decrease in the content of almost all the bioactive compounds, while it had no effect on the antioxidant capacity. The printing program had no significant effect on the bioactive compounds (except hydroxycinnamic acids), antioxidant capacity and color parameters. A higher starch content improved the strength of the sample but had no effect on the mechanical properties. Smaller particles with a higher starch content improved the stability of the sample. In contrast to the programs, varying the starch content had a significant effect on all the color parameters except the a* values. Eight different sweeteners in two different concentrations were used for the sensory evaluation of the 3D-printed snacks. The variations in sweetener content only affected the sweet and harmonious taste. In summary, this study confirms the great potential of fruit bases for the production of 3D-printed snacks with excellent biological and rheological properties, which can be a step toward personalized food with the addition of sweeteners

Development and Optimization Method for Determination of the Strawberries’ Aroma Profile

The strawberry (genus Fragaria) is a plant from the rose family (Rosaceae). As the fruits are likely to be picked mechanically, they are grown close to consumption centers. The aim of this work was to develop a suitable method for detecting as many molecules as possible in order to be able to distinguish between different strawberry cultivars and geographical origins in the future. Whole strawberries of the “Albion” cultivar, grown in the Jagodica Purgerica region of Zagreb, were used. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in SCAN mode was used to analyze the aroma profile and to determine the proportion of individual components. The samples were prepared and analyzed using the solid-phase microextraction method (SPME). The impact of SPME fiber selection and GC column type was investigated, as well as sample weight, ionic strength, agitation temperature, and sampling time. A higher ionic strength was achieved by adding a 20% NaCl solution to the sample. The aroma profile of the studied strawberry cultivar consisted of furanone, esters, aldehydes, and carboxylic acids. Optimal results were achieved by adjusting the ionic strength during 15 min of extraction and incubation. The individual compounds were identified using NIST, Wiley libraries, and the “area normalization” method