Caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle de Cif1p, une protéine orpheline impliquée dans le phénomène épigénétique de viabilité de la levure S. pombe en absence de la chaperone calnexine

Le repliement des protéines est un processus cellulaire crucial impliquant plusieurs protéines dont la calnexine, une chaperone du réticulum endoplasmique. Notre laboratoire et un autre groupe avons démontré que la calnexine est essentielle à la viabilité de la levure Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Dans le cadre d’études structure-fonction portant sur cette protéine, nous avons découvert un phénomène permettant la viabilité des cellules en absence de la calnexine. Cet état, nommé Cin pour calnexine independence, est induit par un mutant de la calnexine dépourvu du domaine central hautement conservé (Δhcd_Cnx1p). La caractérisation de l’état Cin a révélé plusieurs caractéristiques particulières telle la dominance, sa transmission de façon non-Mendélienne à la progéniture méïotique et sa transmission par des extraits protéiques dépourvus d’acides nucléiques. Toutes ces propriétés suggèrent donc que l’état Cin est médié via un élément de type prion. Le gène cif1+, pour calnexin independence factor, a été isolé lors de criblages visant à identifier des gènes impliqués dans l’état Cin. Il encode pour une protéine orpheline dont la surexpression induit de façon stable un état de viabilité en l’absence de la calnexine. Cet état diffère génétiquement et phénotypiquement de l’état Cin induit par le mutant Δhcd_Cnx1p préalablement caractérisé, ce qui suggère deux voies parallèles de signalisation du phénomène Cin. Une caractérisation exhaustive de Cif1p a permis de démontrer qu’il ne s’agissait pas du prion responsable de l’état Cin, malgré que cette protéine possède certaines propriétés typiques des prions in vitro. Finalement, Cif1p est une protéine nucléolaire dont la bonne localisation est essentielle à sa capacité à induire l’état Cin. Ceci suggère une interaction entre la fonction essentielle de la calnexine et une fonction exécutée dans le nucléole. Lors d’études visant à élucider la fonction cellulaire de Cif1p, il a été établi qu’elle interagissait avec certaines protéines de la grosse sous-unité du ribosome telle la protéine L3. Cependant, Cif1p ne co-sédimente pas avec des sous-unités ribosomales assemblées, des ribosomes ou des polysomes. De plus, des cellules contenant une délétion génomique de cif1 voient leur contenu en ribosomes perturbé lors de la phase stationnaire. Il semble donc que Cif1p joue un rôle dans la biosynthèse des ribosomes lors de la phase stationnaire. Ce rôle spécifique à cette phase de croissance coincide avec un clivage de la portion N-terminale de Cif1p, clivage qui a lieu lors de l’entrée des cellules en phase stationnaire. De plus, des études effectuées récemment dans notre laboratoire proposent que la calnexine joue un rôle important dans la signalisation de l’apoptose, et ce particulièrement en phase stationnaire. Ainsi, une voie impliquant Cif1p, sa fonction nucléolaire dans la biosynthèse des ribosomes en phase stationnaire, la calnexine et la médiation de l’apoptose semble se dessiner. D’autres travaux, notamment sur la fonction exacte de Cif1p, le rôle de son clivage et les autres composantes impliquées dans le phénomène Cin nous permettront de dessiner un portrait plus complet de cette voie cellulaire inédite.Protein folding is a vital process that involves many proteins of the cell. One of them is calnexin, a chaperone of the endoplasmic reticulum. In the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe, calnexin is essential for survival of the cells. During structure-function studies on calnexin, our laboratory discovered a phenomenon allowing the viability of cells without this chaperone. This state, designated Cin for Calnexin INdependence, is induced by a calnexin mutant devoid of the highly conserved central domain (Δhcd_Cnx1p). Characterization of the Cin cells showed several exceptional properties such as dominance, non-Mendelian transmission and transmission via cell extracts devoid of nucleic acids of the Cin state. All these observations suggested that the Cin phenomenon is mediated via a prionic element. To identify genes implicated in the Cin state, genetic screens were performed. They led to the identification of the cif1+ gene, for calnexin independence factor. This gene encodes an orphan protein, the overexpression of which stably induces a state of viability in the absence of calnexin. Notably, this state is genetically and phenotypically distinct from the previously isolated Cin state arising from Δhcd_Cnx1p expression. This suggests the presence of two parallel pathways both able to signal the induction of the Cin phenomenon. The exhaustive characterization of Cif1p showed that it is not the prion solely responsible for the Cin state, although it displays prion-like properties in vitro. Finally, nucleolar localization of Cif1p is required to induce the Cincif1 state, thus suggesting an unexpected interaction between the vital cellular role of calnexin and a function of the nucleolus. While investigating Cif1p function in the cell, we observed that it interacts with ribosomal proteins of the large subunit, notably L3, but it does not sediment with assembled ribosomal subunits or whole ribosomes. However, cells containing a genomic deletion of cif1 also have a disrupted ribosome content during stationary phase. Altogether, these results suggest that Cif1p has a role in ribosomal biogenesis during stationary phase. This growth-phase specific role correlates with the occurence during stationary phase of a cleavage in the N-terminal part of Cif1p. Recent studies from our laboratory proposed that calnexin plays an important role in apoptosis signaling, especially in stationary phase. Thus, a pathway implicating Cif1p, its nucleolar function in ribosome biosynthesis in stationary phase, calnexin and apoptosis signaling is starting to emerge. However more studies, notably on the exact function of Cif1p, the role of its cleavage and the other proteins implicated in the Cin state will be necessary to draw the complete scheme of this unprecedented cellular pathway

Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis population dynamic and quantification of spores after inoculation on ornamental plants

Abstract: Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus velezensis are used in organic agriculture as an alternative to chemical pesticides to fight against phytopathogen organisms. These Gram-positive soil-dwelling bacteria are able to resist harsh conditions and survive by differentiating into endospores. Few studies have examined how bacterial populations change on plants over time, and if they remain active or enter a dormant state. Nonetheless, these characteristics are strikingly important to determine the usage of B. subtilis and B. velezensis and their efficacy in environmental conditions. Here, we investigate the population dynamic on plants of B. subtilis NCIB3610 and B. velezensis QST713 when applied as spores on different ornamental plants. We report that on all plants studied (Echinacea purpurea cv. Salsa red, Echinacea purpurea cv. Fatal attraction and Lavandula angustifolia cv. Hidecote blue) spores rapidly germinated and colonized the rhizoplane, maintaining a relatively low proportion of spores in the population over time, whereas bacterial population on leaves rapidly declined. Bacteria in the surrounding soil did not germinate and persisted as spores. Taken together, these results suggest that only cells found at the rhizosphere remain metabolically active to allow the formation of a lasting relationship with the plant, making possible beneficial effects from the inoculated bacteria.Bacillus subtilis et Bacillus velezensis sont utilisées en agriculture biologique comme alternative aux pesticides chimiques. Ces bactéries Gram-positives vivant dans le sol sont capables de résister à des conditions difficiles et de survivre en se différenciant en endospores. Peu d'études ont examiné comment les bactéries persistent sur les plantes, si elles demeurent actives ou entrent en dormance. Néanmoins, ces caractéristiques sont importantes pour déterminer leur utilisation et leur efficacité dans des conditions environnementales. Nous avons étudié la dynamique de population de B. subtilis NCIB3610 et de B. velezensis QST713 lorsqu'appliquées comme spores sur différentes plantes ornementales. Nous montrons que sur toutes les plantes étudiées (Echinacea purpurea cv. Salsa red, Echinacea purpurea cv. Fatal attraction et Lavandula angustifolia cv. Hidecote blue) les spores ont rapidement germées et colonisées la rhizoplane, maintenant une proportion relativement faible de spores dans la population, alors que la population sur les feuilles a rapidement diminué. Les bactéries présentes dans le sol environnant n'ont pas germé et ont persisté sous forme de spores. Ces résultats suggèrent que seules les bactéries trouvées au niveau des racines restent métaboliquement actives pour permettre la formation d'une relation durable avec la plante, rendant possible les effets bénéfiques des bactéries inoculées

Calnexin Regulates Apoptosis Induced by Inositol Starvation in Fission Yeast

Inositol is a precursor of numerous phospholipids and signalling molecules essential for the cell. Schizosaccharomyces pombe is naturally auxotroph for inositol as its genome does not have a homologue of the INO1 gene encoding inositol-1-phosphate synthase, the enzyme responsible for inositol biosynthesis. In this work, we demonstrate that inositol starvation in S. pombe causes cell death with apoptotic features. This apoptotic death is dependent on the metacaspase Pca1p and is affected by the UPR transducer Ire1p. Previously, we demonstrated that calnexin is involved in apoptosis induced by ER stress. Here, we show that cells expressing a lumenal version of calnexin exhibit a 2-fold increase in the levels of apoptosis provoked by inositol starvation. This increase is reversed by co-expression of a calnexin mutant spanning the transmembrane domain and C-terminal cytosolic tail. Coherently, calnexin is physiologically cleaved at the end of its lumenal domain, under normal growth conditions when cells approach stationary phase. This cleavage suggests that the two naturally produced calnexin fragments are needed to continue growth into stationary phase and to prevent cell death. Collectively, our observations indicate that calnexin takes part in at least two apoptotic pathways in S. pombe, and suggest that the cleavage of calnexin has regulatory roles in apoptotic processes involving calnexin

Bacillus subtilis Early Colonization of Arabidopsis thaliana Roots Involves Multiple Chemotaxis Receptors

ABSTRACT Colonization of plant roots by Bacillus subtilis is mutually beneficial to plants and bacteria. Plants can secrete up to 30% of their fixed carbon via root exudates, thereby feeding the bacteria, and in return the associated B. subtilis bacteria provide the plant with many growth-promoting traits. Formation of a biofilm on the root by matrix-producing B. subtilis is a well-established requirement for long-term colonization. However, we observed that cells start forming a biofilm only several hours after motile cells first settle on the plant. We also found that intact chemotaxis machinery is required for early root colonization by B. subtilis and for plant protection. Arabidopsis thaliana root exudates attract B. subtilis in vitro, an activity mediated by the two characterized chemoreceptors, McpB and McpC, as well as by the orphan receptor TlpC. Nonetheless, bacteria lacking these chemoreceptors are still able to colonize the root, suggesting that other chemoreceptors might also play a role in this process. These observations suggest that A. thaliana actively recruits B. subtilis through root-secreted molecules, and our results stress the important roles of B. subtilis chemoreceptors for efficient colonization of plants in natural environments. These results demonstrate a remarkable strategy adapted by beneficial rhizobacteria to utilize carbon-rich root exudates, which may facilitate rhizobacterial colonization and a mutualistic association with the host

Unprecedented tunability of riboswitch structure and regulatory function by sub-millimolar variations in physiological Mg2+

Riboswitches are cis-acting regulatory RNA biosensors that rival the efficiency of those found in proteins. At the heart of their regulatory function is the formation of a highly specific aptamer–ligand complex. Understanding how these RNAs recognize the ligand to regulate gene expression at physiological concentrations of Mg2+ ions and ligand is critical given their broad impact on bacterial gene expression and their potential as antibiotic targets. In this work, we used single-molecule FRET and biochemical techniques to demonstrate that Mg2+ ions act as fine-tuning elements of the amino acid-sensing lysC aptamer's ligand-free structure in the mesophile Bacillus subtilis. Mg2+ interactions with the aptamer produce encounter complexes with strikingly different sensitivities to the ligand in different, yet equally accessible, physiological ionic conditions. Our results demonstrate that the aptamer adapts its structure and folding landscape on a Mg2+-tunable scale to efficiently respond to changes in intracellular lysine of more than two orders of magnitude. The remarkable tunability of the lysC aptamer by sub-millimolar variations in the physiological concentration of Mg2+ ions suggests that some single-aptamer riboswitches have exploited the coupling of cellular levels of ligand and divalent metal ions to tightly control gene expression.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe

Pulcherriminic acid modulates iron availability and protects against oxidative stress during microbial interactions

Abstract Siderophores are soluble or membrane-embedded molecules that bind the oxidized form of iron, Fe(III), and play roles in iron acquisition by microorganisms. Fe(III)-bound siderophores bind to specific receptors that allow microbes to acquire iron. However, certain soil microbes release a compound (pulcherriminic acid, PA) that, upon binding to Fe(III), forms a precipitate (pulcherrimin) that apparently functions by reducing iron availability rather than contributing to iron acquisition. Here, we use Bacillus subtilis (PA producer) and Pseudomonas protegens as a competition model to show that PA is involved in a peculiar iron-managing system. The presence of the competitor induces PA production, leading to precipitation of Fe(III) as pulcherrimin, which prevents oxidative stress in B. subtilis by restricting the Fenton reaction and deleterious ROS formation. In addition, B. subtilis uses its known siderophore bacillibactin to retrieve Fe(III) from pulcherrimin. Our findings indicate that PA plays multiple roles by modulating iron availability and conferring protection against oxidative stress during inter-species competition