A Theological Engagement with Current Theories of Dissociative Identity Disorder Using the Mimetic Theory of René Girard.

Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID), formerly known as Multiple Personality Disorder, is described in DSM-IV as ‘The presence of two or more distinct identities or personality states’. The diagnosis is controversial and some mental health professionals were against its inclusion in DSM-V, which was published in May 2013. The concept of DID has its roots in beliefs about possession, hypnosis and hysteria, and it is these three different theoretical origins which shape current theories of DID and which underlie the fierce debates which surround it. Parts of the Church still adhere to the pre scientific view that multiple personalities indicate demonic activity, and mental health professionals can be divided into those who see DID as a product of hypnosis, and so are likely to view it as an iatrogenic condition, and those who view it as a dissociative disorder and believe it to be caused by severe abuse in childhood. Failure to reach agreement about the nature and cause of DID has led to misdiagnosis and mistreatment. Through an application of the Mimetic Theory of René Girard, this paper will propose a theory of multiple personalities which could be utilised by all disciplines. Mimetic Theory is often studied in three parts: psychological, sociological and theological. Maintaining that tripartite structure, principles of interdividual psychology will be used to explain the creation of new identities, the Scapegoat Mechanism will explain why those who have been abused continue to be victimised, and a theological engagement will produce a model of care which is safe, effective and appropriate for both church and clinical settings

Dimorphisme sexuel dans la réponse hypertrophique cardiaque à une surcharge hémodynamique chronique

L’hypertrophie cardiaque (HC) constitue un remodelage du myocarde lors d’un stress hémodynamique chronique. Dans des circonstances pathologiques, elle peut mener à l’insuffisance cardiaque (IC). L’IC, un syndrome incurable, a un taux de mortalité à 5 ans de près de 50%. Deux catégories d’HC sont possibles : concentrique, où un épaississement des parois ventriculaires se produit et excentrique, où la cavité ventriculaire s’élargit tout en épaississant proportionnellement ou non ses parois. Une phase terminale de l’HC est la forme dilatée ou décompensée : la cavité s’élargit et les parois s’amincissent. Le remodelage cardiaque diffère selon le sexe et la présence d’hormones sexuelles. Généralement, les hommes développent une HC dilatée progressant rapidement vers l’IC, alors que les femmes ont une HC concentrique progressant plus lentement vers l’IC. La régurgitation de la valve aortique (AR) entraîne une surcharge de volume (SV) au ventricule gauche (VG) causant une hypertrophie excentrique. Pour étudier l’influence du sexe et des hormones sexuelles dans l’HC en SV, nous avons induit une AR chez des rats mâles et femelles, avec ou sans gonadectomie et les avons suivis 26 semaines. L’hypothèse était que les femelles développeraient une HC compensée, c’est-à-dire sans perte de fonction cardiaque, alors que les mâles développeraient une HC dilatée associée à une perte de fonction cardiaque. Ce dimorphisme s’expliquerait en partie par les hormones sexuelles. Des analyses échocardiographiques et tissulaires ont montré que la masse indexée des coeurs des femelles AR était plus importante que celle des mâles AR (4.4 mg/g vs 2.5 mg/g respectivement, p<0,05), mais que ces derniers développaient davantage de changements transcriptionnels en lien avec le métabolisme énergétique. L’orchidectomie a induit une diminution du gain de masse cardiaque lors de l’AR et une potentielle amélioration de la survie, en plus d’une stabilisation du profil transcriptionnel comparable aux femelles AR. L’ovariectomie a quant à elle diminué le gain de masse cardiaque en AR, sans affecter l’expression génique. Bref, les oestrogènes influenceraient le gain de masse cardiaque chez les femelles, alors que les androgènes défavoriseraient une HC compensée chez les mâles et induiraient un profil transcriptionnel associé à une altération du métabolisme énergétique myocardique.Heart remodeling during chronic hemodynamic stress is called cardiac hypertrophy (CH). CH frequently precedes heart failure (HF), a disease with a mortality rate of approximately 50% at five years. There are two main types of CH: concentric, which is characterized by thickening of ventricular walls and eccentric, where there is an enlargement of the ventricular cavity and proportional (or not) thickening of ventricular walls. CH can evolve toward a dilated form where enlargement of ventricular cavity is not compensated by a thickening of chamber walls. CH differs between the sexes and is influenced by gonadal hormones. In general, men develop dilated CH evolving more rapidly towards HF. CH in women is more concentric and gradually evolve towards HF. Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) causes a volume overload (VO) in the left ventricle (LV) and precipitates its hypertrophy. We induced an AR in male and female rats, which were gonadectomized or not, in order to study the influence of biological sex and gonadal hormones in CH development during VO. Animals were followed for 26 weeks. Our first hypothesis was that CH would be more compensatory in females than in males. Males would lose cardiac function and develop dilated HC. Our second hypothesis was that steroid hormones could explain a part of CH sexual dimorphism. Echocardiographic and ventricular tissue analysis showed that indexed heart mass of AR females was more important than in males (4.4 mg/g vs. 2.5 mg/g respectively, p<0,05). However, AR males developed more transcriptional changes than AR females, especially in genes implicated in energy metabolism, extracellular matrix remodeling and mitochondrial function and biogenesis. Orchiectomy, which suppresses androgen secretion in male rats, decreased heart gain of mass in response to AR, stabilized the transcriptional profile, which became similar to AR females, and tended to increase survival. Ovariectomy, which suppresses estrogen secretion in female rats, also decreases CH in response to AR, without affecting gene expression. This leads us to conclude estrogens would essentially promote hypertrophy in females, whereas androgens would disadvantage males by inducing CH with poor compensatory properties and changes in the transcriptional profile resulting in an altered energy metabolism

Genotype by environment interactions in relation to growth traits in slow growing chickens

Since feed conversion ratio (FCR) is higher in slow-growing "Label Rouge" chickens than in broiler chickens, it is important to work on its improvement in this breed. However, this involves rearing animals in cages (C), an environment very different from that used for selection (in floor pens, S) and production (outdoor, E). The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of genotype by environment (G × E) interactions between S, C, and E environments, to find the best way to select for FCR, using 2002 related animals. Growth curve parameters were estimated and body composition measured. Individual feed conversion ratios (FCR) were recorded between 8 and 10 weeks in C. The presence of G × E interactions was assessed by the genetic correlations between the same trait recorded in different environments. Moderate but significant G × E interactions were detected for carcass traits, a significant one was observed between E and S or C for growth curve parameters but none between C and S. If G × E interactions are set aside, i.e. selecting on traits recorded in C, abdominal fatness is the best indirect selection criterion for FCR but if they are taken in account then leg yield or growth curve parameters in S and growth curve parameters in E are better

Heritability of susceptibility to Salmonella enteritidis infection in fowls and test of the role of the chromosome carrying the NRAMP1 gene

373 thirteen-week-old chicks issued from a commercial cross and 312 chickens from the L2 line were intravenously inoculated with 106 Salmonella enteritidis and the numbers of Salmonella in the spleen, liver and genital organs were assessed 3 days later. Heritabilities of the number of Salmonella were estimated at 0.02 ± 0.04 and 0.05 ± 0.05 in the liver; at 0.29 ± 0.07 and 0.10 ± 0.06 in the spleen; and at 0.16 ± 0.05 and 0.11 ± 0.08 in the genital organs, in the first and second experiments, respectively. The difference between the two experiments could result from sampling variations and from differences in the genetic structure of the two populations possibly including both heterosis and additive effects as well as their interaction in the first experiment. Genetic correlations between the number of bacteria in the genital organs and liver (0.56 ± 0.58 and 0.76 ± 0.32 in the first and second experiments, respectively) and spleen (0.37 ± 0.24 and 0.79 ± 0.23) were positive. Moreover a significant within-sire effect of VIL1, a marker gene for NRAMP1, was observed in 117 progeny resulting from 25 informative matings. These results indicate that there are genetic differences in the resistance to visceral infection by S. enteritidis in these commercial egg-laying flocks, and suggest that these differences are at least partly due to genetic polymorphism in the NRAMP1 region

Female rats with severe left ventricle volume overload exhibit more cardiac hypertrophy but fewer myocardial transcriptional changes than males

Aortic valve regurgitation (AR) imposes a volume overload (VO) to the left ventricle (LV). Male rats with a pathological heart overload usually progress more quickly towards heart failure than females. We examined whether a sexual dimorphism exists in the myocardial transcriptional adaptations to AR. Adult Wistar male and female rats either underwent a sham operation or were induced with AR and then followed for 26 weeks. Female AR rats gained relatively more LV mass than males (75 vs. 42%). They had a similar increase in LV chamber dimensions compared to males but more wall thickening. On the other hand, fatty acid oxidation (FAO)-related LV enzyme activity was only decreased in AR males. The expression of genes encoding FAO-related enzymes was only reduced in AR males and not in females. A similar situation was observed for the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial biogenesis or function as well as for genes encoding for transcription factors implicated in the control of bioenergetics and mitochondrial function (Errα, Errγ or Pgc1α). Although females develop more LV hypertrophy from severe VO, their myocardial gene expression remains closer to normal. This could provide survival benefits for females with severe VO

Genetic parameters of body weight and prolificacy in pigeons

Genetic parameters of body weight at weaning and of prolificacy were estimated in three commercial lines of pigeons selected by BLUP (Best Linear Unbiased Prediction) on both traits. The model of analysis took into account the direct genetic effects for both traits and the effect of parental permanent environment for body weight. Depending on the line considered, body weight varied from 556.7 g to 647.6 g and prolificacy ranged from 12.5 to 16.8 pigeons weaned per couple of parents per year. Heritability of body weight was high, varying between 0.46 and 0.60, and permanent environment was responsible for 6% to 9% of the total variability. On the contrary, prolificacy was poorly heritable (0.04 to 0.12). They were highly and negatively correlated (-0.77 to -0.82). Body weight showed significant genetic trends in lines B and C. No significant genetic difference could be observed between males and females for both traits

Le climat scolaire : un point central pour expliquer la victimisation et la réussite scolaire

Au Québec, le faible taux de diplomation ainsi que la violence à l’école sont des enjeux sociétaux importants. De récentes études indiquent que la qualité du climat scolaire serait liée au niveau de victimisation par les pairs et à la réussite scolaire dans un même établissement. Cet article propose une recension des écrits traitant du lien entre le climat scolaire, la victimisation par les pairs et la réussite scolaire

A maximum likelihood QTL analysis reveals common genome regions controlling resistance to Salmonella colonization and carrier-state

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The serovars Enteritidis and Typhimurium of the Gram-negative bacterium <it>Salmonella enterica</it> are significant causes of human food poisoning. Fowl carrying these bacteria often show no clinical disease, with detection only established post-mortem. Increased resistance to the carrier state in commercial poultry could be a way to improve food safety by reducing the spread of these bacteria in poultry flocks. Previous studies identified QTLs for both resistance to carrier state and resistance to <it>Salmonella</it> colonization in the same White Leghorn inbred lines. Until now, none of the QTLs identified was common to the two types of resistance. All these analyses were performed using the F2 inbred or backcross option of the QTLExpress software based on linear regression. In the present study, QTL analysis was achieved using Maximum Likelihood with QTLMap software, in order to test the effect of the QTL analysis method on QTL detection. We analyzed the same phenotypic and genotypic data as those used in previous studies, which were collected on 378 animals genotyped with 480 genome-wide SNP markers. To enrich these data, we added eleven SNP markers located within QTLs controlling resistance to colonization and we looked for potential candidate genes co-localizing with QTLs.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>In our case the QTL analysis method had an important impact on QTL detection. We were able to identify new genomic regions controlling resistance to carrier-state, in particular by testing the existence of two segregating QTLs. But some of the previously identified QTLs were not confirmed. Interestingly, two QTLs were detected on chromosomes 2 and 3, close to the locations of the major QTLs controlling resistance to colonization and to candidate genes involved in the immune response identified in other, independent studies.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Due to the lack of stability of the QTLs detected, we suggest that interesting regions for further studies are those that were identified in several independent studies, which is the case of the QTL regions on chromosomes 2 and 3, involved in resistance to both <it>Salmonella</it> colonization and carrier state. These observations provide evidence of common genes controlling <it>S.</it> Typhimurium colonization and <it>S</it>. Enteritidis carrier-state in chickens.</p

Identifying cohorts using isotope mass spectrometry: the potential of temporal resolution and dietary profiles

YesArchaeological skeletal material from most sites represents a cross-sectional, opportunistic sample of the burials. These are influenced by the proportion and area of the site which is excavated, the taphonomic conditions and survival of tissues. This may not be representative of the population, and in an attritional cemetery may represent a long period of use, during which humans will have differing life-courses. Here we describe a commingled skeletal assemblage, the only human remains recovered from the historically significant medieval site of St Stephen’s Chapel, Palace of Westminster, London. Using carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotope ratios of bulk bone collagen and incremental dentine to investigate dietary life histories from 5 individuals, we combine the evidence with radiocarbon dating to assign them to two different temporal cohorts