Perah Oil: A Potential Substitute for Omega-3 Oils and its Chemical Properties

Abstract: The perah seed oil is a potential source for high unsaturated and omega 3 oil. It can be an alternative choice for regular vegetable oil. The chemical and physical properties need to be investigated and evaluated for it to be used feasibly in the food industries and health care products. Modern day's faster and sophisticated instruments and techniques are used to evaluate the physicochemical properties of edible or vegetable oils. This study includes FTIR spectroscopy GC-MS and GC to evaluate the chemical properties of it while colour was used to study the physical property. The peaks by FTIR were found at 3300-3000 cm-1, 2960-2850 cm-1, 1760-1670 cm-1, 1650-1580 cm-1, and 1340-1020 cm-1. The GC-MS discover the potential beneficial compounds that available in extracted perah oil which are squalene, Vitamin E,and L.beta.-sitosterol. The GC data demonstrate about the free fatty acid profile which showed the high unsaturation in all oil samples extracted by different solvents. However, the colour measure for the visual suitable acceptability use for food or cosmetic application

Potential of Jatropha curcas L. as biodiesel feedstock in Malaysia: a concise review

Fluctuation in fossil fuel prices and the increasing awareness of environmental degradation have prompted the search for alternatives from renewable energy sources. Biodiesel is the most efficient alternative to fossil fuel substitution because it can be properly modified for current diesel engines. It is a vegetable oil-based fuel with similar properties to petroleum diesel. Generally, biodiesel is a non-toxic, biodegradable, and highly efficient alternative for fossil fuel substitution. In Malaysia, oil palm is considered as the most valuable commodity crop and gives a high economic return to the country. However, the ethical challenge of food or fuel makes palm oil not an ideal feedstock for biodiesel production. Therefore, attention is shifted to non-edible feedstock like Jatropha curcas Linnaeus (Jatropha curcas L.). It is an inedible oil-bearing crop that can be processed into biodiesel. It has a high-seed yield that could be continually produced for up to 50 years. Furthermore, its utilization will have zero impact on food sources since the oil is poisonous for human and animal consumption. However, Jatropha biodiesel is still in its preliminary phase compared to palm oil-based biodiesel in Malaysia due to a lack of research and development. Therefore, this paper emphasizes the potential of Jatropha curcas as an eco-friendly biodiesel feedstock to promote socio-economic development and meet significantly growing energy demands even though the challenges for its implementation as a national biodiesel program might be longer

A comprehensive scientometric analysis on hybrid renewable energy systems in developing regions of the world

Energy crises, increasing electricity prices, and having no access to the grid electricity are the leading issues in developing countries of Asia, the Middle East, and Sub-Saharan Africa. Developing hybrid renewable energy systems in off-grid or grid-connected modes is the best way to overcome developing countries' economic and energy crises. However, the development of hybrid renewable energy systems faces severe technical and related economic challenges. This article provides an updated and comprehensive resource and economic overview of developed hybrid renewable energy systems in different locations in these aforementioned regions. The resource assessment shows that for economical hybrid energy system the average annual wind speed and average annual solar radiation should be 5 m/s and 5 KWh/m^2 respectively. This paper also provides a big picture of renewable energy impacts, challenges in the architecture of hybrid systems, and key organizations working in this domain in the developing regions. According to our review, hybrid optimization model for electric renewable, particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithm are frequently used tools for the optimization and sizing of hybrid energy systems. The map of hybrid renewable energy system research in developing regions is not available. Our study gives energy scenario and clear map of hybrid energy in developing regions of the world. The scientometric review of 2000 bibliographic data obtained from the Scopus database to perform co-author and co-occurrence analysis in this study. The data is used to trace the research pattern and thus to identify the most impactful authors, institutions, and countries in the hybrid renewable energy systems domain to obtain recommendations and make policies for the future uninterrupted and carbon dioxide emission free energy systems. The results of scientometric analysis shows that the Wang X. is the most prolific author, while India and Tanta University are the most productive country and institution in this domain. The scientometric analysis result will be beneficial in determining the future research directions in the hybrid renewable energy systems field

Propiedades físico-químicas de mezclas de oleina de palma con otros aceites vegetales

Palm oil (olein) was blended with other edible oils for the enhancement of its market acceptability in terms of melting point depression and shelf life. The physico-chemical properties like viscosity, density, melting behavior, peroxide value (PV), saponification value (SV) and iodine value (IV) of four different binary blends with four vegetable oils were evaluated. Palm olein was found to be more stable against rancidity than the other oils. For the stability against oxidation and melting point depression the palm olein-canola (PO/CO) blend was found to be better than the others. The Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC) thermogram of the melting behavior of the blends traces some new polymorphs of the triglyceride. This study will help the oil producing industry to find out the most economically viable oil blends for cooking purposes, with maximum nutrition as well as desirable physico-chemical properties.Aceite de palma (oleína) fue mezclada con otros aceites comestibles para aumentar su aceptabilidad en el mercado en términos de descenso del punto de fusión y mejora de su almacenamiento. Las propiedades físico-químicas tales como viscosidad, densidad, comportamiento en la fusión, valor de peróxidos (PV), valor de saponificación (SV) e índice de yodo (IV) de cuatro diferentes mezclas binarias con cuatro aceites vegetales fueron evaluadas. La oleína de palma fue más estable frente a la rancidez que otros aceites. En la estabilidad frente la oxidación y el descenso del punto de fusión, la mezcla de oleína de palma/canola (PO/CO) fue mejor que las otras. Los termogramas del calorímetro diferencial de barrido (DSC) referidos al comportamiento de fusión de las mezclas indican algunos nuevos polimorfismos de los triglicéridos. Este estudio podría ayudar a las empresas que elaboran aceites a encontrar los aceites económicamente más viables para cocinar, con buenas propiedades nutricionales, así como con unas propiedades físico-químicas deseables

Nano-Cellulosic Fibers from Agricultural Wastes

In recent years, the potential of agricultural wastes has received increasing attention from academia and industry. The aim has been to identify strategies for the conversion of low-value wastes into new materials and other value-added products. Cellulose is a naturally abundant polymer that is readily available in various agricultural wastes. It is a linear polymer consisting of β-D-glucopyranose units (disaccharides) joined by glycosidic β-1,4 bonds. Nanoparticles can be extracted from cellulose fibers using a top-down mechanically or chemically treatment. Cellulose nanomaterials have generated significant interest due to their intrinsic properties such as large surface-to-volume ratios, high tensile strength, stiffness, and flexibility in addition to good dynamic mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties. The use of nanocellulose for reinforcement in matrices improves thermo-mechanical properties, decreases the sensitivity of polymers to water, and preserves biodegradability. The mixing of nanocellulose with polysaccharides improves mechanical properties. Nano-sized cellulose fibers possess unique physical, chemical, and morphological characteristics. Hence, nano-sized cellulose fibers are considered versatile materials for addition to polymers, and application in high gas barriers and packaging materials. Other uses include electronic devices, foods, medicine, cosmetics, and health care. This chapter focuses on the cellulose nanofibers attained from banana, pineapple and corn-based agricultural wastes

Comprehensive review on the feasibility of developing wave energy as a renewable energy resource in Australia

The facts are that increasing energy demand, depletion of fossil fuel, and greenhouse gas emissions have increased the world's interest in renewable energy. Out of all RE options, Wave Energy (WE) is the least harnessed one despite the availability of WE Resource (WERs) in many countries and with the potential to cover a significant proportion of the world's energy needs. Australia, mainly in the southern part of the country, has plenty of this resource. Although recently, the Australian Government has started to focus on WERs as a Renewable Energy Source (RES) to cope with the energy crisis, research suggests that the country's progress in the WE generation to meet the energy demand is well below the potential generation capacity. However, insufficient research and studies address the issues and technologies in detail. This study examines the viability of further developing WE as a renewable energy source in Australia by evaluating the current constraints and challenges to achieving a satisfactory level of WE generation in the country. As a result, this study emphasizes the trustworthiness of WE in terms of several criteria. The availability of WERs within Australia and the status of producing WE are reviewed in this study. It also highlighted certain Australian technologies and devices that are now being tested or deployed in real-time. Moreover, this review is expanded by comparing the key developers in the WE sector to Australia to uncover some of the contributing elements in other countries that may have contributed to the growth of the WE generation in other nations. Finally, some of the barriers identified are lack of high-resolution data and social & environmental challenges. Some recommendations are given in the latter part of the review to accelerate WE production in Australia

Physicochemical and thermal characterization of hydroxyethyl cellulose - wheat starch based films incorporated thymol intended for active packaging

Biodegradable packing materials with antimicrobial properties have been a concern for years because of its positive environmental implications. The present work aimed to develop the formulation of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)/wheat-starch based film in which the active compound, thymol (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5% w/w) were incorporated into the polymeric material. Solution casting method was used for the film preparation while thymol was incorporated prior to casting. The physical and chemical properties of the developed film were determined. SEM was found to have a smooth and homogeneous with a small amount of thymol which grows coarser with 1.5% or higher thymol content. FTIR was used to find the chemical property of the film and suggested that the carbonyl functional group was unchanged in the film, however, -OH groups increased substantially with increased amount of thymol. Thermal properties were profiled through thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimeter where the AM film containing 1.5% (w/v) of thymol shows the highest thermal stability and decomposes less in comparison to other samples. The inhibitory capability of the film was tested against a list of microbial contamination and was found to successfully inhibit the growth of selected gram positive and gram negative bacteria in a wide range of studied concentration. The mechanical properties of the films were improved by 60.3% with an optimum tensile strength at thymol concentration of 1.5% w/w. It can be concluded that the film properties are retained chemically whereas mechanical properties, strength, flexibility and function of the film are being enhanced remarkably by the incorporation of thymol

Characterization of HEC/PANI Film as a potential electroactive packaging with pH sensor

Interest in the use of intelligent packaging systems for food products has increased in recent years. Intelligent packaging systems are those that monitor the condition of packaged foods to give information regarding the quality of the packaged food during transport and storage. The potential of HEC/PANI film as pH indicator and pH sensor were evaluated. HEC/PANI film was prepared by solution blending and casting method. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that there was no chemical interaction between HEC and PANI. The film properties were retained chemically. The electrical conductivity increment from 1.14×105 to 2.2 ×105 S/cm was observed when PANI was incorporated into the HEC film matrix. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) showed that the electrical conductance network of PANI was formed in HEC/PANI film. The electrical sensitivity of the film has been studied with I-V characterization. The changes in color and current of HEC/PANI film on interaction to pH buffer 1-14 shows its suitability as pH indicator and pH sensor for food

Thermal Effect on the Physico-chemical Properties of Blends of Palm Olein with other Vegetable Oils

Palm olein was blended with other edible oils for the enhancement of oxidative stability of other high unsaturated oils. The effect of deep frying of fish on the physico-chemical properties of three different binary blends with four vegetable oils was evaluated. The physico-chemical parameters like, melting and crystallization, free fatty acids (FFA), peroxide value (PV), and iodine value (IV), fatty acids profile were analyzed. Blends, before and after frying, were characterized using FTIR. Palm olein was found to be more stable against rancidity than other oils. Stability against oxidation and melting point depression palm olein: canola oil blend (PO: CO) was found better than others. Palm olein: sunflower oil (PO: SF) blends shows higher unsaturation after frying while palm olein: soybean blends (PO: SO) was found to have higher free fatty acids. This study will help to understand the changes in the quality parameters of vegetable oil blends and to provide better processed food for the consumers

The effect of solvents on the Soxhlet extraction of omega 3 from perah oil

This study aims to investigate the influence of solvent on the Soxhlet extraction of omega 3 in perah seed oil. Three types of extraction solvent include hexane, hexane: methanol (90:10) and methanol: ethanol (70:30) were investigated. The concentration of extracted omega 3 was measured using Gas chromatography (GC), the colour of extracted oil was classified using colormeter and the total phenolic content (TPC) by Folin-Ciocalteau colorimetry. Based on the total yield extraction of the oil, the result shows that hexane solvent (57.5%) shows better performance compared to hexane-methanol (53.42%) and ethanol-methanol (34.52%). For the omega 3 concentration, hexane-methanol solvent provided highest yield at 1.41g ω-3/g oil followed by ethanol-methanol and hexane at 1.32 ω-3/g oil and 1.15 ω-3/g oil respectively. On the other hand, the extracted oil using hexane as extraction solvent was appeared to be lighter in colour as compared to other solvents studied. In addition, total phenolics content of perah oil was high with hexane solvent. As conclusion, the polar solvent of methanol and ethanol promoted the extraction of omega 3; however, it may cause a darker appearance of the extract as well as reducing the content of phenolic compounds