Union Leadership and Member Attitudes: A Multi-Level Analysis

[Excerpt] Analyses of union leadership roles show that union presidents should have both a within-union focus and an external focus. The authors combined multi-level survey data from 3,871 union members in 248 local teachers’ unions with archival and field staff data to examine relationships between leadership and members’ perceptions of union instrumentality and justice, union commitment, and participation. The results showed significant union-level effects on members’ beliefs about, and attitudes toward, their unions, attributable to the presidents’ internal and external leadership, wage outcomes, and union characteristics. Relationships between internally focused leadership and members’ loyalty and willingness to work for the union were partially mediated by perceptions of union instrumentality and justice. These perceptions fully mediated the relationship between externally focused leadership and union loyalty

Methodological Challenges in Union Commitment Studies

Excerpt] Methodological problems in studies of union commitment were identified and illustrated with data from 4,641 members and 479 stewards in 297 local teachers’ unions. Using a 20-item union commitment scale, results confirmed the existence of 3 substantive factors and 1 method factor at the individual level of analysis: loyalty to the union, responsibility to the union, willingness to work for the union, and a factor of negatively worded items. Tests of measurement invariance showed that the scale captured commitment for rank-and-file members but not for union stewards. The authors also found partial measurement invariance between long-time and newer members and full measurement invariance between men and women. Finally, the authors found that violation of the statistical assumption of independence reduced model fit when individual commitment scores were analyzed without attention to the hierarchical nature of the data

Delivering bad news to followers: leaders' cognitive reappraisal vs. suppression requests on followers' emotion regulation and leader-follower relations

We investigated the effects of leaders’ emotional regulation request (suppression or cognitive reappraisal) on follower’s felt and expressed anger and attitudes, as well as the effect of follower’s expressed anger on leaders’ attitudes toward followers. Study 1 using a 2x3 experimental design, examined the role of a hypothetical female/male leader’s suppression/cognitive-reappraisal request following the delivery of bad news on followers’ (229 undergraduates) felt/expressed anger and attitudes toward the leader. Results indicated that leader’s reappraisal request was more successful in decreasing felt anger compared to a control condition as well as decreasing expressed anger compared to both suppression request and control condition. Female leaders who requested suppression were evaluated less favorably than male leaders when followers held stereotypical attitudes towards female leadership. Study 2 showed that leaders’ (n = 32 executives) are more likely to perceive the expressed anger of followers’ and develop negative attitudes towards them following a suppression versus a reappraisal request. We found that regardless of followers’ gender, leaders’ attitudes were more positive when perceived follower anger was low

Regional intravenous anesthesia in knee arthroscopy

OBJECTIVE: The goal of the study was to investigate the regional intravenous anesthesia procedure in knee arthroscopy and to evaluate the effects of adding ketamine over the anesthesia block charactery and tourniquet pain. MATERIAL/METHOD: Forty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) II patients who received knee arthroscopy were enrolled. After monitoring, a peripheral IV line was inserted.The venous blood in the lower extremity was evacuated with a bandage, and the proximal cuff of the double-cuff tourniquet was inflated. The patients were randomly split into two groups. While Group P received 80 ml 0.5% prilocaine, Group PK received 0.15 mg/kg ketamine (80 ml in total) via the dorsum of the foot. We recorded onset time of the sensory block, end time of the sensory block, presence of the motor block, the time when the patient verbally reported tourniquet pain and surgical pain, duration of tourniquet tolerance, fentanyl consumption during the operation, time to first analgesic requirement, methemoglobin values at 60 minutes, operative conditions, 24-hour analgesic consumption, discharge time, and hemodynamic parameters. RESULTS: The body mass index (BMI) of the patients who required general anesthesia was significantly higher than the BMI of other patients. The onset time of the sensory block was shorter for those in Group PK, but the time to first analgesic requirement was longer. CONCLUSION: Regional intravenous anesthesia using the doses and volumes commonly used in knee arthroscopy may be an inadequate block among patients with high BMI values. Moreover, the addition of ketamine to the local anesthetic solution may produce a partial solution by shortening the onset of sensory block and prolonging the time until the first analgesic is required

Regional intravenous anesthesia in knee arthroscopy

OBJECTIVE: The goal of the study was to investigate the regional intravenous anesthesia procedure in knee arthroscopy and to evaluate the effects of adding ketamine over the anesthesia block charactery and tourniquet pain. MATERIAL/METHOD: Forty American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) II patients who received knee arthroscopy were enrolled. After monitoring, a peripheral IV line was inserted.The venous blood in the lower extremity was evacuated with a bandage, and the proximal cuff of the double-cuff tourniquet was inflated. The patients were randomly split into two groups. While Group P received 80 ml 0.5% prilocaine, Group PK received 0.15 mg/kg ketamine (80 ml in total) via the dorsum of the foot. We recorded onset time of the sensory block, end time of the sensory block, presence of the motor block, the time when the patient verbally reported tourniquet pain and surgical pain, duration of tourniquet tolerance, fentanyl consumption during the operation, time to first analgesic requirement, methemoglobin values at 60 minutes, operative conditions, 24-hour analgesic consumption, discharge time, and hemodynamic parameters. RESULTS: The body mass index (BMI) of the patients who required general anesthesia was significantly higher than the BMI of other patients. The onset time of the sensory block was shorter for those in Group PK, but the time to first analgesic requirement was longer. CONCLUSION: Regional intravenous anesthesia using the doses and volumes commonly used in knee arthroscopy may be an inadequate block among patients with high BMI values. Moreover, the addition of ketamine to the local anesthetic solution may produce a partial solution by shortening the onset of sensory block and prolonging the time until the first analgesic is required

International Perspectives on the Legal Environment for Selection

Perspectives from 22 countries on aspects of the legal environment for selection are presented in this article. Issues addressed include (a) whether there are racial/ethnic/religious subgroups viewed as "disadvantaged,” (b) whether research documents mean differences between groups on individual difference measures relevant to job performance, (c) whether there are laws prohibiting discrimination against specific groups, (d) the evidence required to make and refute a claim of discrimination, (e) the consequences of violation of the laws, (f) whether particular selection methods are limited or banned, (g) whether preferential treatment of members of disadvantaged groups is permitted, and (h) whether the practice of industrial and organizational psychology has been affected by the legal environmen

Endüstri ilişkileri iklimi ve kuruma ve sendikaya bağlılık

Bu çalışmanın amacı farklı (düşmanca veya kooperatif) endüstri ilişkileri altında çalışan sendikalı işçilerin sendikalarına ve çalıştıkları kuruma bağlılıkları arasındaki ilişkilerin incelenmesidir. Çalışmada DISK ve TURKİŞ'e bağlı metal ve tekstil sendikalarına üye ve Bursa ve İstanbul'da 35 ayrı işyerinde çalışan 526 işçiden ve aynı işyerlerinde çalışan 35 sendika baş-temsilcisinden anket yoluyla veri toplanmıştır. Bulgular kooperatif endüstri ilişkileri altında çalışan sendika üyelerinin hem sendikalarına hem de çalıştıkları işyerlerine bağlı olabileceklerini ortaya çıkarmıştır. Sendika ve işveren arasında düşmanca ilişkilerin olduğu yerlerde ise işçiler sendikaları ve kurumları arasında bir seçim yapmaya zorlanmakta ve bağlılık sadece bir örgüte olmaktadır. Çalışmanın bulgularının hem işverenlerin hem de sendikaların endüstri ilişkileri stratejilerini düzenlemelerine yön vereceği düşünülmektedir