Formulation and In vitro/In vivo Evaluation of Sustained Release Diltiazem Matrix Tablets

Purpose: To develop and optimise sustained release (SR) matrix tablets of diltiazem hydrochloride (DHL).Methods: DHL tablets were prepared by direct compression and consisted of hydroxyprpoylmethyl cellulose, Kollidon SR and Eudragit RSPO. A 32 full factorial design was applied to study the effect of polymers used on drug release from the DHL. The tablets were also evaluated for physicochemical characteristics and release kinetics. In vivo human volunteer studies were carried out on the optimised formulation with a commercial sustained release product serving as reference.Results: The physicochemical characteristics of all prepared tablets were satisfactory. The developed drug delivery system provided prolonged drug release rates over a period of 24 hours. The release profile of the developed formulation was described by the Higuchi model. Mean time of occurrence for maximum (peak) drug concentration (Tmax) was 2.05 ± 0.52 and 2.30 ± 0.57 h for the optimized and commercial formulations, respectively, while mean maximum concentration of drug (Cmax) was 501.74 ± 0.05 and 509.65 ± 0.06, ng/ml respectively. Good correlation between the dissolution profiles and bioavailability was observed using the method of linear regression analysis and correlation coefficient.Conclusion: A fair correlation between in vitro dissolution and in vivo data was found. The results obtained indicate successful development of a sustained release formulation of diltiazem.Keywords: Diltiazem, Matrix tablet, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose Eudragit, In vitro/in vivo correlation, Optimizatio

Formulation and In vitro/In vivo Evaluation of Sustained Release Diltiazem Matrix Tablets

Purpose: To develop and optimise sustained release (SR) matrix tablets of diltiazem hydrochloride (DHL).Methods: DHL tablets were prepared by direct compression and consisted of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), Kollidon SR and Eudragit RSPO. A 32 full factorial design was applied to study the effect of polymers used on drug release from the DHL. The tablets were also evaluated for physicochemical characteristics and release kinetics. In vivo (human) studies were carried out on the optimised formulation using a commercial sustained release product as a reference.Results: The physicochemical characteristics of all prepared tablets were satisfactory. The developed drug delivery system provided prolonged drug release rates over a period of 24 h. The release profile of the developed formulation was described by the Higuchi model. Mean time to attain peak drug concentration (Tmax) was 2.05 ± 0.52 and 2.30 ± 0.57 h for the optimized and commercial formulations, respectively, while mean maximum drug concentration (Cmax) was 501.74 ± 0.05 ng/ml and509.65±0.06, ng/ml, respectively. A fair correlation between the dissolution profile and bioavailability for the optimized formulation was observed based on linear regression analysis.Conclusion: A fair correlation between in vitro dissolution and in vivo data was found for the optimized formulation of diltiazem. The results also indicate that the approach used could lead to a successful development of a sustained release formulation of the drug.Keywords: Diltiazem, Matrix tablet, Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, Eudragit, Optimizatio

Fiction contract: its importance in simulation-based medical education

Simulation-based education has become an integral part of education and training in high-risk professions and disciplines such as aviation, aerospace, military, nuclear power plants, medicine and healthcare. In the last decade, medical simulation has globally emerged as a powerful instructional technique across various specialties and disciplines. Despite its increasing popularity and various advantages, simulation-based medical education (SBME) poses a unique challenge, that is, realism. This is where the concept of fiction contract or suspension of disbelief comes into the picture. In this article we provide an overview of fiction contract in SBME including how can it be effectively addressed during training

Histopathological study of non-neoplastic lesions of nose, paransal sinuses and nasopharynx

Background: The various lesions of the nose, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx were subjected to histopathological evaluation over a period of 5 years (2010 to 2015) at the Department of Pathology, in a rural based hospital. Total 84 specimens were studied over the time of 5 years. Methodology: The formalin fixed specimens were received with complete clinical and radiological features. Routine gross examination and required number of sections were taken and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Result: In the study, 84 cases were of Inflammatory and Non neoplastic lesions. Nasal polyps were the most common lesions with 77 (91.67%) cases. Among the all Nasal polyps, 77 cases, 20 (25.97%) cases were of Allergic polyp, 50 (64.93%) cases were of inflammatory polyp, while 7 (9.09%) cases were of Antrochoanal polyp. 2 cases (2.38%) each of Sinusitis and Intradermal naevus. Rhinosporidiosis, Mucocele and Nasolabial cyst comprised of 1 (0.77%) case each respectively. Conclusion: In our study, most common lesions were Nasal Polyps. Most of the cases were presented in 2nd and 3rd decade of life with Male preponderance. Nasal obstruction was the most common clinical presentation in the present study

Histopathological study of non-neoplastic lesions of nose, paransal sinuses and nasopharynx

Background: The various lesions of the nose, paranasal sinuses and nasopharynx were subjected to histopathological evaluation over a period of 5 years (2010 to 2015) at the Department of Pathology, in a rural based hospital. Total 84 specimens were studied over the time of 5 years. Methodology: The formalin fixed specimens were received with complete clinical and radiological features. Routine gross examination and required number of sections were taken and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Result: In the study, 84 cases were of Inflammatory and Non neoplastic lesions. Nasal polyps were the most common lesions with 77 (91.67%) cases. Among the all Nasal polyps, 77 cases, 20 (25.97%) cases were of Allergic polyp, 50 (64.93%) cases were of inflammatory polyp, while 7 (9.09%) cases were of Antrochoanal polyp. 2 cases (2.38%) each of Sinusitis and Intradermal naevus. Rhinosporidiosis, Mucocele and Nasolabial cyst comprised of 1 (0.77%) case each respectively. Conclusion: In our study, most common lesions were Nasal Polyps. Most of the cases were presented in 2nd and 3rd decade of life with Male preponderance. Nasal obstruction was the most common clinical presentation in the present study

In era of gold standard laparoscopic surgery, a study profile of open Nissen’s fundoplication for drug refractory endoscopically diagnosed and manometrically confirmed hiatus hernia in a tertiary care hospital

Hiatus hernia is a condition in which part of the stomach protrudes into the chest cavity through the esophageal hiatus, a hole in the diaphragm. The condition is often asymptomatic but can cause gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), dysphagia, chest pain, and other complications in some cases. The diagnosis of hiatus hernia is typically made using imaging tests such as endoscopy or radiography and confirmation done using esophageal motility studies. Management of hiatus hernia depends on the severity and symptoms of the condition. Mild cases may be managed with lifestyle modifications such as weight loss, dietary changes, and avoiding certain trigger foods. Medications such as proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and histamine receptor antagonists may also be used to control GERD symptoms in maximum number of cases. Surgical intervention will be necessary for more severe cases or cases that do not respond to conservative management. The two main types of surgery for hiatus hernia are conventional/open Nissen fundoplication and laparoscopic fundoplication. These procedures aim to strengthen the lower esophageal sphincter and prevent stomach acid from flowing back into the esophagus. Overall, the management of hiatus hernia requires a multidisciplinary approach involving gastroenterologists, surgeons, and primary care providers. The optimal management will be an individualized approach addressing severity of symptoms and responses to drugs. This study aims to review the drug refractory cases of hiatus hernia in a select group of adult patients not eligible for standard laparoscopic approach diagnosed endoscopically and managed by open Nissen’s fundoplication

Strategic optimization framework considering unobservability in multi-voltage active distribution networks

An increase in the share of weather-dependent generation at low voltage levels necessitates incorporating the low-voltage network in optimizing a distribution network. Optimization in a multi-voltage network requires significant computation time and effort due to many nodes operating at different voltage levels. This research proposes a decomposition and strategic optimization method to reduce the computation requirements for such large multi-voltage distribution networks. The proposed algorithm reduces the space complexity and the computation time required for solving the optimization routines of these multi-voltage distribution networks. A virtual transformer model incorporates tap-changer as a continuous variable in the semidefinite programming power flow optimization model. The zero-duality gap condition for multiple virtual transformers is proven empirically. Compared to a centralized optimization using the same power flow model, the proposed framework reduced the computation time by 96%.</p

A Concise Review Based on Analytical Method Development and Validation of Apremilast in Bulk and Marketed Dosage Form

Apremilast is used for treatment of psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. It&nbsp;may&nbsp;also&nbsp;be&nbsp;beneficial&nbsp;for&nbsp;other&nbsp;inflammatory diseases&nbsp;relevant to&nbsp;the&nbsp;immune&nbsp;system. The&nbsp;drug&nbsp;functions as&nbsp;a selective enzyme phosphodiesterase&nbsp;4&nbsp;(PDE4) inhibitor and avoids the spontaneous development of&nbsp;TNF-alpha&nbsp;from&nbsp;human&nbsp;synovial&nbsp;rheumatoid&nbsp;cells. The present review assesses the different approaches for evaluation of apremilast in bulk material as well as different formulations. A concise review consists of compile and discuss about over 30 methods for analysing apremilast in the biological matrices, the samples of bulk and in different dosage formulations including HPLC, HPTLC, UPLC, LC-MS and UV-spectrophotometry. A concise review represents the compilation and discussion of about more than 30 analytical methods which includes HPLC, HPTLC, UPLC, LC-MS and UV-Spectrophotometry methods implemented for investigation of apremilast in biological matrices, bulk samples and in different dosage formulations. This detailed review will be of great help to the researcher who is working on apremilast. Keywords: Apremilast; Analytical Profile; HPLC; HPTLC; Bioanalytical; Stability indicatin

Effects of carbonated beverage and fruit juice on salivary pH among children in orphanage of Bareilly city: an in vivo study

Background: High degree of urbanization and economic development have resulted in rapid changes in diet and lifestyles, because of which there is a tremendous increase in prevalence of dental caries in developing countries. The aim of the study is to assess the acidogenic potential of commonly consumed carbonated beverage and commercially available fruit juice at various time intervals among orphan children. Methods: This is an in vivo study in which 60 orphan children were included. Two beverage groups (carbonated beverage and fruit juice) were tested for salivary pH before having respective drinks (baseline) and after having drinks at specific time intervals (immediately after, after 15 min and 30 min). Intra-group and inter-group comparisons were done using Friedman test and Mann Whitney U test. Results: Both the groups showed decrease in salivary pH after consumption and recovery of salivary pH to baseline value after 30 min. Conclusions: Beverages produce a remarkable drop in the salivary pH as they contain organic acids and sugars but saliva by virtue of its buffering capacity nullifies this effect and after some time it comes to normal