Multi-megawatt inverter/converter technology for space power applications

Large power conditioning mass reductions will be required to enable megawatt power systems envisioned by the Strategic Defense Initiative, the Air Force, and NASA. Phase 1 of a proposed two phase interagency program has been completed to develop an 0.1 kg/kW DC/DC converter technology base for these future space applications. Three contractors, Hughes, General Electric (GE), and Maxwell were Phase 1 contractors in a competitive program to develop a megawatt lightweight DC/DC converter. Researchers at NASA Lewis Research Center and the University of Wisconsin also investigated technology in topology and control. All three contractors, as well as the University of Wisconsin, concluded at the end of the Phase 1 study, which included some critical laboratory work, that 0.1-kg/kW megawatt DC/DC converters can be built. This is an order of magnitude lower specific weight than is presently available. A brief description of each of the concepts used to meet the ambitious goals of this program are presented

Electrical characterization of a Mapham inverter using pulse testing techniques

Electric power requirements for aerospace missions have reached megawatt power levels. Within the next few decades, it is anticipated that a manned lunar base, interplanetary travel, and surface exploration of the Martian surface will become reality. Several research and development projects aimed at demonstrating megawatt power level converters for space applications are currently underway at the NASA Lewis Research Center. Innovative testing techniques will be required to evaluate the components and converters, when developed, at their rated power in the absence of costly power sources, loads, and cooling systems. Facilities capable of testing these components and systems at full power are available, but their use may be cost prohibitive. The use of a multiple pulse testing technique is proposed to determine the electrical characteristics of large megawatt level power systems. Characterization of a Mapham inverter is made using the proposed technique and conclusions are drawn concerning its suitability as an experimental tool to evaluate megawatt level power systems

Aortenaneurysma und -dissektion: Epidemiologie, Pathophysiologie und Diagnostik

Zusammenfassung: Das Aortenaneurysma und die Aortendissektion stellen aufgrund der demografischen Entwicklung und des heutigen Lebensstils ein signifikantes Gesundheitsrisiko dar. Die Mortalität des rupturierten Aortenaneurysmas beträgt bis zu 80 %. Die Prävalenz von Aneurysmen variiert je nach Lokalisation (thorakal vs. abdominal). Am häufigsten ist die infrarenale Bauchaorta betroffen. Es gibt aber Hinweise für eine rückläufige Prävalenz des infrarenalen Bauchaortenaneurysmas, wohingegen die Inzidenz des thorakalen Aortenaneurysmas zunimmt. Die oft letal verlaufende Aortendissektion ist die häufigste akute Aortenerkrankung. Dennoch wird die Inzidenz vermutlich unterschätzt. Die Pathogenese des Aortenaneurysmas ist vielfältig und basiert auf einem Zusammenspiel degenerativer, proteolytischer und entzündlicher Vorgänge. Die Aortendissektion geht auf einen Einriss der Intima zurück, der in einer Aufspaltung der Aortenwandschichten mit Einblutung resultiert. Es besteht die Gefahr einer Aortenruptur. Verschiedene genetische Bindegewebserkrankungen begünstigen die aortale Mediadegeneration, zuforderst das Marfan-Syndrom. Risikofaktoren für das Aortenaneurysma und die Aortendissektion sind Nikotinabusus, arterielle Hypertonie, Alter und männliches Geschlecht. Das Aortenaneurysma nimmt zunächst einen stummen Verlauf. Entsprechend wird es meist inzidentell entdeckt. Klinik und Symptomatik der Aortendissektion hängen stark vom betroffenen Aortenabschnitt ab, die Manifestationen sind vielfältig. Eine akute Aortendissektion äußert sich in > 80 % der Fälle durch plötzliche massivste Schmerzen. Für die Diagnostik und nachfolgende Verlaufskontrollen bieten sich verschiedene bildgebende Verfahren an. Als Untersuchungsmodalität der Wahl gilt aber die Computertomographi

Utilizing remote sensing of Thematic Mapper data to improve our understanding of estuarine processes and their influence on the productivity of estuarine-dependent fisheries

LANDSAT thematic mapper (TM) data are being used to refine and validate a stochastic spatial computer model to be applied to coastal resource management problems in Louisiana. Two major aspects of the research are: (1) the measurement of area of land (or emergent vegetation) and water and the length of the interface between land and water in TM imagery of selected coastal wetlands (sample marshes); and (2) the comparison of spatial patterns of land and water in the sample marshes of the imagery to that in marshes simulated by a computer model. In addition to activities in these two areas, the potential use of a published autocorrelation statistic is analyzed

Universality in D-brane Inflation

We study the six-field dynamics of D3-brane inflation for a general scalar potential on the conifold, finding simple, universal behavior. We numerically evolve the equations of motion for an ensemble of more than 7 \times 10^7 realizations, drawing the coefficients in the scalar potential from statistical distributions whose detailed properties have demonstrably small effects on our results. When prolonged inflation occurs, it has a characteristic form: the D3-brane initially moves rapidly in the angular directions, spirals down to an inflection point in the potential, and settles into single-field inflation. The probability of N_{e} e-folds of inflation is a power law, P(N_{e}) \propto N_{e}^{-3}, and we derive the same exponent from a simple analytical model. The success of inflation is relatively insensitive to the initial conditions: we find attractor behavior in the angular directions, and the D3-brane can begin far above the inflection point without overshooting. In favorable regions of the parameter space, models yielding 60 e-folds of expansion arise approximately once in 10^3 trials. Realizations that are effectively single-field and give rise to a primordial spectrum of fluctuations consistent with WMAP, for which at least 120 e-folds are required, arise approximately once in 10^5 trials. The emergence of robust predictions from a six-field potential with hundreds of terms invites an analytic approach to multifield inflation.Comment: 28 pages, 9 figure

Inflection Point Inflation and Time Dependent Potentials in String Theory

We consider models of inflection point inflation. The main drawback of such models is that they suffer from the overshoot problem. Namely the initial condition should be fine tuned to be near the inflection point for the universe to inflate. We show that stringy realizations of inflection point inflation are common and offer a natural resolution to the overshoot problem.Comment: 15 pages, 2 figures, refs. adde

A Field Range Bound for General Single-Field Inflation

We explore the consequences of a detection of primordial tensor fluctuations for general single-field models of inflation. Using the effective theory of inflation, we propose a generalization of the Lyth bound. Our bound applies to all single-field models with two-derivative kinetic terms for the scalar fluctuations and is always stronger than the corresponding bound for slow-roll models. This shows that non-trivial dynamics can't evade the Lyth bound. We also present a weaker, but completely universal bound that holds whenever the Null Energy Condition (NEC) is satisfied at horizon crossing.Comment: 16 page

Avalanche Mixing of Granular Solids

Mixing of two fractions of a granular material in a slowly rotating two-dimensional drum is considered. The rotation is around the axis of the upright drum. The drum is filled partially, and mixing occurs only at a free surface of the material. We propose a simple theory of the mixing process which describes a real experiment surprisingly well. A geometrical approach without appealing to ideas of self-organized criticality is used. The dependence of the mixing time on the drum filling is calculated. The mixing time is infinite in the case of the half-filled drum. We describe singular behaviour of the mixing near this critical point.Comment: 9 pages (LaTeX) and 2 Postscript figures, to be published in Europhys. Let

Desensitizing Inflation from the Planck Scale

A new mechanism to control Planck-scale corrections to the inflationary eta parameter is proposed. A common approach to the eta problem is to impose a shift symmetry on the inflaton field. However, this symmetry has to remain unbroken by Planck-scale effects, which is a rather strong requirement on possible ultraviolet completions of the theory. In this paper, we show that the breaking of the shift symmetry by Planck-scale corrections can be systematically suppressed if the inflaton field interacts with a conformal sector. The inflaton then receives an anomalous dimension in the conformal field theory, which leads to sequestering of all dangerous high-energy corrections. We analyze a number of models where the mechanism can be seen in action. In our most detailed example we compute the exact anomalous dimensions via a-maximization and show that the eta problem can be solved using only weakly-coupled physics.Comment: 34 pages, 3 figures