Refilins: A link between perinuclear actin bundle dynamics and mechanosensing signaling

Actin cytoskeleton dynamics lie at the heart of cell mechanosensing signaling. In fibroblast cells, two perinuclear acto-myosin structures, the actin cap and the transmembrane actin-associated nuclear (TAN) line, are components of a physical pathway transducing extracellular physical signals to changes in nuclear shape and movements. We recently demonstrated the existence of a previously uncharacterized third apical perinuclear actin organization in epithelial cells that forms during epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) mediated by TGFβ (TGFβ). A common regulatory mechanism for these different perinuclear actin architectures has emerged with the identification of a novel family of actin bundling proteins, the Refilins. Here we provide updates on some characteristics of Refilin proteins, and we discuss potential function of the Refilins in cell mechanosensing signaling

S100B expression defines a state in which GFAP-expressing cells lose their neural stem cell potential and acquire a more mature developmental stage.: S100B is absent in SVZ GFAP expressing cells

International audienceDuring the postnatal development, astrocytic cells in the neocortex progressively lose their neural stem cell (NSC) potential, whereas this peculiar attribute is preserved in the adult subventricular zone (SVZ). To understand this fundamental difference, many reports suggest that adult subventricular GFAP-expressing cells might be maintained in immature developmental stage. Here, we show that S100B, a marker of glial cells, is absent from GFAP-expressing cells of the SVZ and that its onset of expression characterizes a terminal maturation stage of cortical astrocytic cells. Nevertheless, when cultured in vitro, SVZ astrocytic cells developed as S100B expressing cells, as do cortical astrocytic cells, suggesting that SVZ microenvironment represses S100B expression. Using transgenic s100b-EGFP cells, we then demonstrated that S100B expression coincides with the loss of neurosphere forming abilities of GFAP expressing cells. By doing grafting experiments with cells derived from beta-actin-GFP mice, we next found that S100B expression in astrocytic cells is repressed in the SVZ, but not in the striatal parenchyma. Furthermore, we showed that treatment with epidermal growth factor represses S100B expression in GFAP-expressing cells in vitro as well as in vivo. Altogether, our results indicate that the S100B expression defines a late developmental stage after which GFAP-expressing cells lose their NSC potential and suggest that S100B expression is repressed by adult SVZ microenvironment

AHNAK interaction with the annexin 2/S100A10 complex regulates cell membrane cytoarchitecture

Remodelling of the plasma membrane cytoarchitecture is crucial for the regulation of epithelial cell adhesion and permeability. In Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, the protein AHNAK relocates from the cytosol to the cytosolic surface of the plasma membrane during the formation of cell–cell contacts and the development of epithelial polarity. This targeting is reversible and regulated by Ca2+-dependent cell–cell adhesion. At the plasma membrane, AHNAK associates as a multimeric complex with actin and the annexin 2/S100A10 complex. The S100A10 subunit serves to mediate the interaction between annexin 2 and the COOH-terminal regulatory domain of AHNAK. Down-regulation of both annexin 2 and S100A10 using an annexin 2–specific small interfering RNA inhibits the association of AHNAK with plasma membrane. In Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, down-regulation of AHNAK using AHNAK-specific small interfering RNA prevents cortical actin cytoskeleton reorganization required to support cell height. We propose that the interaction of AHNAK with the annexin 2/S100A10 regulates cortical actin cytoskeleton organization and cell membrane cytoarchitecture

NG2-expressing glial precursor cells are a new potential oligodendroglioma cell initiating population in N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea-induced gliomagenesis.: Brain precursor cells and gliomas

International audienceGliomas are the most common primary brain tumor affecting human adults and remain a therapeutic challenge because cells of origin are still unknown. Here, we investigated the cellular origin of low-grade gliomas in a rat model based on transplacental exposure to N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU). Longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging coupled to immunohistological and immunocytochemical analyses were used to further characterize low-grade rat gliomas at different stages of evolution. We showed that early low-grade gliomas have characteristics of oligodendroglioma-like tumors and exclusively contain NG2-expressing slow dividing precursor cells, which express early markers of oligodendroglial lineage. These tumor-derived precursors failed to fully differentiate into oligodendrocytes and exhibited multipotential abilities in vitro. Moreover, a few glioma NG2+ cells are resistant to radiotherapy and may be responsible for tumor recurrence, frequently observed in humans. Overall, these findings suggest that transformed multipotent NG2 glial precursor cell may be a potential cell of origin in the genesis of rat ENU-induced oligodendroglioma-like tumors. This work may open up new perspectives for understanding biology of human gliomas

The S100B Protein and Partners in Adipocyte Response to Cold Stress and Adaptive Thermogenesis: Facts, Hypotheses, and Perspectives

In mammals, adipose tissue is an active secretory tissue that responds to mild hypothermia and as such is a genuine model to study molecular and cellular adaptive responses to cold-stress. A recent study identified a mammal-specific protein of the endoplasmic reticulum that is strongly induced in the inguinal subcutaneous white adipocyte upon exposure to cold, calsyntenin 3β (CLSTN3β). CLSTN3β regulates sympathetic innervation of thermogenic adipocytes and contributes to adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis. The calcium- and zinc-binding S100B is a downstream effector in the CLSTN3β pathways. We review, here, the literature on the transcriptional regulation of the S100b gene in adipocyte cells. We also rationalize the interactions of the S100B protein with its recognized or hypothesized intracellular (p53, ATAD3A, CYP2E1, AHNAK) and extracellular (Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE), RPTPσ) target proteins in the context of adipocyte differentiation and adaptive thermogenesis. We highlight a chaperon-associated function for the intracellular S100B and point to functional synergies between the different intracellular S100B target proteins. A model of non-classical S100B secretion involving AHNAK/S100A10/annexin2-dependent exocytosis by the mean of exosomes is also proposed. Implications for related areas of research are noted and suggestions for future research are offered

The S100B Protein and Partners in Adipocyte Response to Cold Stress and Adaptive Thermogenesis: Facts, Hypotheses, and Perspectives

International audienceIn mammals, adipose tissue is an active secretory tissue that responds to mild hypothermia and as such is a genuine model to study molecular and cellular adaptive responses to cold-stress. A recent study identified a mammal-specific protein of the endoplasmic reticulum that is strongly induced in the inguinal subcutaneous white adipocyte upon exposure to cold, calsyntenin 3β (CLSTN3β). CLSTN3β regulates sympathetic innervation of thermogenic adipocytes and contributes to adaptive non-shivering thermogenesis. The calcium-and zinc-binding S100B is a downstream effector in the CLSTN3β pathways. We review, here, the literature on the transcriptional regulation of the S100b gene in adipocyte cells. We also rationalize the interactions of the S100B protein with its recognized or hypothesized intracellular (p53, ATAD3A, CYP2E1, AHNAK) and extracellular (Receptor for Advanced Glycation End products (RAGE), RPTPσ) target proteins in the context of adipocyte differentiation and adaptive thermogenesis. We highlight a chaperon-associated function for the intracellular S100B and point to functional synergies between the different intracellular S100B target proteins. A model of non-classical S100B secretion involving AHNAK/S100A10/annexin2-dependent exocytosis by the mean of exosomes is also proposed. Implications for related areas of research are noted and suggestions for future research are offered

Etudes des ATPases AAA+ ATAD3A et ATAD3B

ATAD3A est une protéine de la famille des AAA-ATPase (ATPases Associés à diverse Activités cellulaires) spécifique des eucaryotes multicellulaires (1). Au laboratoire, la protéine ATAD3A avait été identifiée comme étant une cible spécifique d'interaction calcium-dépendante de la protéine S100B (2). Chez les hominidés, il existe un deuxième membre de la famille ATAD3, la protéine mitochondriale ATAD3B. L'objectif de ma thèse a été de résoudre la topologie mitochondriale d'ATAD3A et d'ATAD3B et d'étudier leurs fonctions et interactions. Nous avons montré que ces deux protéines sont ancrées dans la membrane interne des mitochondries aux zones de contact avec la membrane externe et qu'elles forment des complexes hexamèriques. Nous avons ensuite mise en évidence l'expression spécifique d'ATAD3B dans les cellules embryonnaires humaines et sa réexpression dans les iPS et certaines lignées cancéreuses. Des expériences complémentaires ont été réalisées à l'aide de l'invalidation et de l'expression de mutants dominants-négatifs dans la lignée de cancer de poumon, H1299. Nos résultats suggèrent qu'ATAD3B interagit et forme des hétéro-oligomères avec ATAD3A. ATAD3B sembleraient alors agir entant que dominant-négatif d'ATAD3A. Afin de mieux comprendre la fonction d'ATAD3A in vivo, nous avons développé des modèles chez la Drosophile dont les études démontrent qu'ATAD3A est requis pour la croissance cellulaire et le développement de l'organisme. (1): Gilquin et al. The AAA+ ATPase ATAD3A controls mitochondrial dynamics at the interface of the inner and outer membranes. (Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Apr;30(8):1984-96) (2): Gilquin et al. The calcium-dependent interaction between S100B and the mitochondrial AAA-ATPase ATAD3A and the role of this complex in the cytoplasmic processing of ATAD3A. (Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Mar 29)ATAD3A is part of a novel family of mitochondrial AAA+ ATPase (ATPases Associated to diverse cellular Activities) specific to the multicellular eukaryotes (1). In the laboratory, we have identified ATAD3A as a specific target for the Ca2+/Zn2+-binding S100B protein (2). In the Hominidae, there is a second member of the ATAD3 family, the mitochondrial protein ATAD3B. The aim of my thesis was to solve the mitochondrial topology of ATAD3A and ATAD3B and to study their functions and interactions. We have shown that these two proteins are anchored in the inner mitochondrial membrane at the contact sites with the external membrane and that they form hexameric complexes. We have then shown that ATAD3B is specifically expressed in the human embryonic stem cells and is re-expressed in iPs (induced Pluripotent stem cell) and certain cancer cell lines. Complimentary studies were done using the down regulation of ATAD3B by shRNA and expression of dominant-negative ATAD3A mutants in the human lung cancer cell line, H1299. Our results suggest that ATAD3B interacts and forms hetero-oligomers with ATAD3A. ATAD3B seems to behave like a dominant negative of ATAD3A. To have a better understanding of the function of ATAD3A in vivo, we developed models in Drosophila with which results show that ATAD3A is required for cell growth and organism development. (1): Gilquin et al. The AAA+ ATPase ATAD3A controls mitochondrial dynamics at the interface of the inner and outer membranes. (Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Apr;30(8):1984-96) (2): Gilquin et al. The calcium-dependent interaction between S100B and the mitochondrial AAA-ATPase ATAD3A and the role of this complex in the cytoplasmic processing of ATAD3A. (Mol Cell Biol. 2010 Mar 29) STARSAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Caractérisation d'une nouvelle famille de protéines régulatrices des réseaux périnucléaires d'actine, les Refilines. Interaction avec la Filamine A et implication dans le remodelage du noyau cellulaire

Le cytosquelette d'actine est une structure dynamique capitale pour la cellule, qui intervient dans les processus de signalisation et génère des forces mécaniques pour compléter des fonctions aussi diverses que l'adhésion, la migration, la division ou la différenciation. Les protéines qui régulent cette structure sont capables de moduler ces fonctions. J'ai identifié une nouvelle famille de protéines régulatrices de l'actine, les protéines Refilines (RefilineA et RefilineB), dont l'expression est corrélée avec l'engagement des cellules dans des programmes de différenciation. La RefilineA est induite lors de la différenciation des cellules précurseurs neurales multipotentes en cellules progénitrices gliales. La RefilineB est stabilisée dans les cellules épithéliales lors de la transition épithélio-mésenchymateuse (TEM) induite par le TGF-b. Dans ces cellules, les Refilines agissent en se complexant à la FilamineA, une protéine qui se lie aux filaments d'actine et forme le maillage. Des syndromes génétiques de mutations sur le gène de la FilamineA entrainent d'importants défauts développementaux, cependant la fonction précise de la protéine reste à ce jour obscure. Le complexe Refiline/FilamineA induit la formation de câbles d'actine et génère également une nouvelle structure d'actine périnucléaire appelée coiffe d'actine ( actin cap ) ou ligne TAN qui s'ancre à l'enveloppe nucléaire pour réguler les mouvements et la morphologie du noyau. Les Refilines sont les seules protéines identifiées à ce jour capables de catalyser la formation de structures périnucléaires d'actine. Ces résultats ouvrent donc de nouvelles perspectives pour appréhender les fonctions de la FilamineA ainsi que la biologie et les fonctions des structures périnucléaires d'actine.The actin cytoskeleton is a highly dynamic structure involved in cell signaling and that creates mechanical force for the completion of diverse functions such as adhesion, migration, division or differentiation. Proteins that regulate this structure can modulate its function. We identified a new protein family that regulates the actin cytoskeleton, Refilin proteins (RefilinA and RefilinB), and whose expression correlates with differentiation switches. RefilinA is induced during differentiation of neural multipotent precursors into glial progenitors, while RefilinB is stabilized in epithelial cells during epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by TGF-b. In cells, Refilins interact with FilaminA, a protein that binds actin filaments to organize them into a network. Genetic syndromes where the FilaminA gene is mutated lead to important developmental defects, The Refilin/FilaminA complex generates actin cables as well as a new perinuclear structure called actin cap or TAN line that interacts with the nuclear envelope to regulate nuclear movement and shape. Refilin proteins are the only proteins identified so far that induce the formation of perinuclear actin structures. These results open up new perspective for the understanding of FilaminA's function as well as for the biology and functions of perinuclear actin structures.SAVOIE-SCD - Bib.électronique (730659901) / SudocGRENOBLE1/INP-Bib.électronique (384210012) / SudocGRENOBLE2/3-Bib.électronique (384219901) / SudocSudocFranceF

Etude de la protéine IQGAP1 dans un contexte physiologique de la neurogenèse adulte et dans un contexte pathologique de tumeurs cérébrales

Les cellules souches/progénitrices sont douées d'une forte plasticité cellulaire qui leur permet de développer, de maintenir et de régénérer organes ou tissus dans lesquels elles résident. Ces processus requièrent l'intégration de signaux moléculaires et environnementaux qui influencent leur comportement et leur devenir. La perturbation de l'un de ces mécanismes régulateurs aboutit à une perte de contrôle des cellules souches/progénitrices pouvant entraîner le développement de pathologies cancéreuses. De ce fait, la connaissance des éléments cellulaires et moléculaires régulant la biologie des cellules souches/progénitrices est nécessaire pour l'emploi éventuel de ces cellules en médecine régénérative et pour une avancée dans les traitements anti-cancéreux. La protéine IQGAP1, que nous avons étudiée dans le cerveau dans un contexte physiologique et pathologique, s'est révélée être un nouveau marqueur de cellules souches/progénitrices normales et tumorales. A travers une étude comparative de souris sauvages et iqgap1-/-, nous avons analysé les propriétés et le comportement in vivo comme in vitro des cellules souches/progénitrices neurales. Nous avons démontré qu'IQGAP1 joue un rôle dans la neurogenèse adulte en régulant la migration des cellules progénitrices neurales en réponse au VEGF, facteur pléïotropique intervenant notamment dans la neurogenèse et l'angiogenèse tumorale. D'autre part, dans un contexte tumoral de gliomes humains et chimio-induits chez le rat, la caractérisation de cette protéine dans des cellules souches/progénitrices tumorales au sein de tumeurs malignes a permis d'attribuer un rôle putatif à la protéine IQGAP1 dans l'expansion tumorale par la dissémination de ces cellules cancéreuses. L'identification et la caractérisation de tous les mécanismes environnementaux régulant la motilité et la migration des précurseurs neuraux normaux pourraient s'avérer utile pour la compréhension des mécanismes d'invasion tumorale et pour le développement de thérapies anti-cancéreuses plus efficaces.GRENOBLE1-BU Sciences (384212103) / SudocSudocFranceF