15 research outputs found

    Direct and Indirect Effects of Regional Air Pollution on Tree Crown Defoliation

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    Changes in tree crown condition, in most cases, may be related to the integrated impact of natural and anthropogenic factors, where S and N deposition, through the combination of direct, above-ground, impacts of SO2, NOx and NH4+ on foliage and indirect, soil-mediated, impacts on roots play a predisposing, accompanying and locally, even a triggering role. This study was designed to check which effect is more significant on changes in tree crown defoliation. The findings revealed that the direct effect of air pollutants and acid deposition should be a more significant on Scots pine crown defoliation than the indirect effects of acidifying compounds through soil, ground and runoff water. Needles, which are present on trees all year round, seem to be more efficient aerosol collectors than leaves. In contrast, the direct effect of the considered contaminators, especially N compounds, on birch defoliation, was less pronounced than their indirect effect. In most cases, the considered contaminators had a negative effect on crown condition; meanwhile nitrate, its deposition and concentration in soil and groundwater, had a positive effect. Ips typographus L., which caused the dying of spruce trees, did not allow fulfilling the taskVytauto Didžiojo universitetasŽemės ūkio akademij

    UNREALIZED ARCHITECTURAL PROJECTS IN LITHUANIA: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT / NEĮGYVENDINTI ARCHITEKTŪRINIAI PROJEKTAI LIETUVOJE: ISTORINĖ RAIDA

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    The “unrealized architectural projects” are the building projects, carried out under the specific design task and intended to be built in a particular place (site), though, for certain reasons and circumstances, have never been constructed. However, up to the present day, the topic of the “unbuilt” has been analyzed just episodically in literature and sources. The article touches upon the historical development of unrealized architectural works, as well as their artistic value and role within various historical periods of Lithuanian architecture. One of the chapters briefly reviews the relevance and development of unrealized projects during the period since Czarist Russian occupation (1795) to the restoration of Lithuanian independence (1990). Furthermore, the deeper analysis of the Soviet period (1940–1990) “dead” architecture is presented. While exploring “the unrealized”, attention has been also paid to what was actu ally built, therefore the prevailing architectural styles, tendencies and examples of the corresponding decade (in Lithuania and worldwide) have been studied. Santrauka Neįgyvendinti projektai – tai pastatų projektai, atlikti pagal konkrečią projektavimo užduotį ir skirti realizuoti konkrečioje vietoje (sklype), tačiau dėl tam tikrų priežasčių ir aplinkybių neįgavę realaus statinio pavidalo. Iki šiol ši tema literatūros šaltiniuose nagrinėta epizodiškai. Straipsnyje kalbama apie nerealizuotų darbų istorinę raidą, meninę vertę, jų vaidmenį įvairių laikotarpių Lietuvos architektūroje. Viename iš skyrių trumpai apžvelgiamas nerealizuotų projektų aktualumas ir raida nuo carinės Rusijos okupacijos (1795) iki Nepriklausomybės atgavimo metų (1990). Nuodugniau analizuojama sovietinio laikotarpio (1940–1990) vadinamoji mirusi architektūra. Tyrinėjant tai, kas nerealizuota, tenka atkreipti dėmesį ir į tai, kas buvo įgyvendinta: kokios architektūrinės srovės, mados, stiliai, tendencijos vyravo tam tikru periodu ne tik Lietuvoje, bet ir pasaulyje. Raktiniai žodžiai: neįgyvendintas projektas; nerealizuota architektūra; istorinė raida; carizmo laikotarpis; tarpukaris; Sovietų Sąjunga; klasicizmas; istorizmas; modernas; modernizma
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