Packages, environment and storage periods effects in germination and vigor of cedar (Cedrela odorata) seeds in Manaus, AM

A conservação de sementes de espécies florestais é prática fundamental para o melhor aproveitamento da produção de mudas. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de diferentes embalagens, ambientes e períodos de armazenamento de Cedrela odorata L., na conservação da viabilidade e vigor das sementes. As sementes foram submetidas a três períodos de armazenamento (3, 6 e 9 meses) mais testemunha, acondicionadas em saco plástico e de papel, nas condições de geladeira e ambiente natural. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial, com cinco repetições de 20 sementes. Analisaram-se as seguintes variáveis: a porcentagem de germinação e a formação de plântulas normais. Os resultados indicaram que as sementes armazenadas na condição ambiente natural apresentaram redução drástica na germinação e na formação de plântulas normais ao longo dos períodos de armazenamento, enquanto na geladeira a redução foi menos intensa. Quanto ao tipo de embalagem, não foi constatado efeito, independentemente do ambiente de armazenamento. Concluiu-se que a condição geladeira foi eficiente para preservar a germinação e vigor das sementes de cedro.Palavras-chave:  Sementes florestais; viabilidade; condição de armazenamento; umidade; temperatura. AbstractPackages, environment and storage periods effects in germination and vigor of cedar (Cedrela odorata) seeds in Manaus, AM. Conservation of seeds of forest species is an important practice for the best use of seedlings production. According to that, this research aimed to evaluate effects of different packaging, environments and periods of storage of Cedrela odorata in conservation of viability and vigor of seeds. The seeds had been submitted to three periods of storage (3, 6 and 9 months) plus control, conditioned in plastic and paper, in refrigerator and natural environment conditions. The adopted delineation was entirely casualized in factorial scheme, with 5 repetitions of 20 seeds. It was analyzed the following variables: percentage of germination and formation of normal plantule. Results indicated that seeds stored in natural surrounding condition had presented drastic reduction in the germination and formation of normal plantule throughout storage periods, on the other hand, in refrigerator condition reduction had been less intense. In relation to the kind of packaging it was not identify any effect, independently of storage environment. It revealed that refrigerator conditions were efficient to preserve germination and vigor of cedar seeds.Keywords: Forest seeds; viability; storage conditions; humidity; temperature.Conservation of seeds of forest species is an important practice for the best use of seedlings production. According to that, this research aimed to evaluate effects of different packaging, environments and periods of storage of Cedrela odorata in conservation of viability and vigor of seeds. The seeds had been submitted to three periods of storage (3, 6 and 9 months) plus control, conditioned in plastic and paper, in refrigerator and natural environment conditions. The adopted delineation was entirely casualized in factorial scheme, with 5 repetitions of 20 seeds. It was analyzed the following variables: percentage of germination and formation of normal plantule. Results indicated that seeds stored in natural surrounding condition had presented drastic reduction in the germination and formation of normal plantule throughout storage periods, on the other hand, in refrigerator condition reduction had been less intense. In relation to the kind of packaging it was not identify any effect, independently of storage environment. It revealed that refrigerator conditions were efficient to preserve germination and vigor of cedar seeds

Development of Swietenia macrophylla seedlings in response to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium

Objetivou-se avaliar neste estudo o efeito de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio no crescimento de mudas de mogno. As plantas foram cultivadas num Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico argiloso com seis níveis de nitrogênio (0, 50, 100, 125, 150 e 200 kg N ha-1), seis níveis de fósforo (0, 75, 150, 225, 300 e 400 kg P2O5 ha-1) e seis níveis de potássio (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 e 200 kg K ha-1), em condição de casa de vegetação. Aos 100 dias após o transplantio, as plantas foram colhidas para determinar as características de crescimento: altura, diâmetro, matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes e a concentração de nutrientes presentes na parte aérea e raízes. O desenvolvimento das mudas de mogno é pouco influenciado pelo fornecimento de doses crescentes dos nutrientes nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, indicando uma baixa exigência nutricional da espécie na fase inicial de crescimento. Entre os nutrientes avaliados, a espécie parece ligeiramente mais exigente quanto ao potássio em relação aos demais. No entanto, a demanda da planta já seria satisfeita com uma pequena adição do respectivo nutriente. A adubação com nitrogênio e fósforo não promove melhora na qualidade das mudas de mogno.Palavras-chave: Espécies florestais; mogno; nutrição mineral; crescimento inicial. AbstractDevelopment of Swietenia macrophylla seedlings in response to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. A Greenhouse experiment was developed in order to investigate effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the growth of mahogany seedlings (Swietenia macrophylla King). The plants were cultured in clayey dystrophic Red Latosol containing six nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100, 125, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1), six phosphorus levels (0, 75, 150, 225, 300 and 400 kg P2O5 ha-1) and six potassium levels (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg K ha-1). After 100 days of transplanting, the plants were harvest and processed for determine height, diameter, dry weight and nutrient concentration in roots and shoots. Addition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium did not affect the mahogany seedlings development. In contrast to N and P, the yield of plants was slightly greater with K fertilization. In general, results of this study clearly demonstrate the absence of a beneficial effect of these nutrients on the growth of mahogany seedlings. The nitrogen and phosphorus did not improve the quality of mahogany seedlings.Keywords: Forest species; mahogany; mineral nutrition; early growth.A Greenhouse experiment was developed in order to investigate effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the growth of mahogany seedlings (Swietenia macrophylla King). The plants were cultured in clayey dystrophic Red Latosol containing six nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100, 125, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1), six phosphorus levels (0, 75, 150, 225, 300 and 400 kg P2O5 ha-1) and six potassium levels (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg K ha-1). After 100 days of transplanting, the plants were harvest and processed for determine height, diameter, dry weight and nutrient concentration in roots and shoots. Addition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium did not affect the mahogany seedlings development. In contrast to N and P, the yield of plants was slightly greater with K fertilization. In general, results of this study clearly demonstrate the absence of a beneficial effect of these nutrients on the growth of mahogany seedlings. The nitrogen and phosphorus did not improve the quality of mahogany seedlings

Liming and fertilization phosphated for the production of Swietenia macrophylla seedlings

Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, avaliar a eficiência agronômica de quatro fontes de fósforo, na presença e ausência de calagem, no crescimento inicial e nos teoresde macronutrientes em mudas de mogno, cultivadas em vasos com Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico, textura argilosa. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4: dois níveis de calagem (ausência e presença) e quatro fontes de P (superfosfato simples, superfosfato triplo, fosfato natural reativo Arad e termofosfato Yoorin), com quatro repetições. A absorção de macronutrientes e o crescimento das mudas de mogno foram pouco afetados, tanto pelas fontes de P quanto pelo fornecimento de calcário, indicando ser a espécie pouco sensível à acidez do solo e pouco exigente a esse nutriente nessa fase de cultivo. A maior eficiência tanto na absorção de nutrientes quanto para o crescimento da espécie mogno foi observada para o fosfato natural reativo Arad, sugerindo que a fonte de P com menor solubilidade em água pode ser agronomicamente mais eficiente em solos altamente intemperizados e com altos teores de argila. De modo geral, o comportamento das fontes de P foi pouco influenciado pelo pH do solo.Palavras-chave: Correção do solo; mogno; adubação; espécies florestais nativas. AbstractLiming and fertilization phosphated for the production of Swietenia macrophylla seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of four P sources in the presence and absence of liming on the growth and nutrition of mahogany seedlings conducted in pots with very clayey dystrophic Yellow Latosol. It had been used a randomized-block designed in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme represented by: two levels of liming (absence and presence) and four P sources (simple superphosphate, triple superphosphate, Arad reactive rock phosphate and Magnesium thermophosphate) with four replications. The absorption of nutrients and growth of mahogany seedlings were little affected by both P sources and supply of limestone. It indicates that this specie presents low sensibility to soil acidity as well as little requirements of P as nutrient at this stage of cultivation. Higher efficiency in both nutrients uptake and mahogany seedlings growth was observed for the Arad phosphate rock. Results suggest that sources of P with low water solubility can be agronomically more effective in highly weathered soils as well as with high clay content.In general, the behavior of P sources was little affected by soil pH.Keywords: Soil amendment; mahogany; fertilization; native forest species.This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of four P sources in the presence and absence of liming on the growth and nutrition of mahogany seedlings conducted in pots with very clayey dystrophic Yellow Latosol. It had been used a randomized-block designed in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme represented by: two levels of liming (absence and presence) and four P sources (simple superphosphate, triple superphosphate, Arad reactive rock phosphate and Magnesium thermophosphate) with four replications. The absorption of nutrients and growth of mahogany seedlings were little affected by both P sources and supply of limestone. It indicates that this specie presents low sensibility to soil acidity as well as little requirements of P as nutrient at this stage of cultivation. Higher efficiency in both nutrients uptake and mahogany seedlings growth was observed for the Arad phosphate rock. Results suggest that sources of P with low water solubility can be agronomically more effective in highly weathered soils as well as with high clay content.In general, the behavior of P sources was little affected by soil pH

SUBSTRATE FOR PRODUCTION OF MACACAÚBA (Platymiscium ulei Harms) SEEDLINGS IN THE AUTAZES TOWN, AMAZONAS STATE

<p><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509810538">http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509812339</a></p><p><a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.5902/1980509810538"></a>The production of native species seedlings with quality in order to achieve success in reforestation is relatedwith the level of efficiency of used substrates. The objective of the study was to assess different substratecompositions for the production of seedlings in the city of Autazes, in Amazonas state. Eight treatmentsarranged in random blocks experimental design, with five replicates were tested. The treatments were: cattlemanure, lime, corrective phosphate, fertilizer with NPK, lime + correction phosphate, corrective phosphate+ fertilizer with NPK, lime + fertilization with NPK and lime + corrective phosphate + fertilizer with NPK.After 120 days, the following characteristics were assessed: height of shoot, diameter of the neck, shoot, parootand total dry matter, nutrient levels and amounts in shoot dry matter. The results corroborate that alltreatments provided improvements in the soil attributes. Those improvements caused larger readiness ofnutrients for the plants, which provided an appropriate growth of Macacaúba seedlings. The plants thatgrew on cattle manure treatment showed higher nutrient absorption and growth rates in a smaller periodof time. It suggests that cattle manure soil is the most suitable in the production of Macacaúba seedlings.</p

SUBSTRATE FOR PRODUCTION OF MACACAÚBA ( Platymiscium ulei Harms) SEEDLINGS IN THE AUTAZES TOWN, AMAZONAS STATE

A produção de mudas de espécies nativas com qualidade, a fim de se obter sucesso nos reflorestamentos, está muitas vezes relacionada com o nível de eficiência dos substratos utilizados, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar diferentes composições de substratos para produção de mudas no município de Autazes, AM. Foram testados oito tratamentos dispostos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com cinco repetições. Os tratamentos foram: esterco bovino, calagem, fosfatagem corretiva, adubação com NPK, calagem + fosfatagem corretiva, fosfatagem corretiva + adubação com NPK, calagem + adubação com NPK e calagem + fosfatagem corretiva + adubação com NPK. Após 120 dias, foram avaliadas as seguintes características: altura da parte aérea, diâmetro do colo, matéria seca das partes: aérea, raiz e total, e os teores e conteúdos de nutrientes na matéria seca da parte aérea. Os resultados permitem afirmar que todos os tratamentos proporcionaram progressos nos atributos do substrato. Essas melhorias ocasionaram maior disponibilidade de nutrientes para as plantas, os quais proporcionaram um crescimento adequado das mudas de macacaúba. Sendo que as plantas submetidas ao tratamento esterco bovino apresentaram maior absorção de nutriente e maiores taxas de crescimento em menor período de tempo. Sugerindo que este substrato é o mais indicado para a produção de mudas de macacaúba, por promover às mudas maiores taxa de crescimento e em um menor período de tempo.The production of native species seedlings with quality in order to achieve success in reforestation is related with the level of efficiency of used substrates. The objective of the study was to assess different substrate compositions for the production of seedlings in the city of Autazes, in Amazonas state. Eight treatments arranged in random blocks experimental design, with five replicates were tested. The treatments were: cattle manure, lime, corrective phosphate, fertilizer with NPK, lime + correction phosphate, corrective phosphate + fertilizer with NPK, lime + fertilization with NPK and lime + corrective phosphate + fertilizer with NPK. After 120 days, the following characteristics were assessed: height of shoot, diameter of the neck, shoot, paroot and total dry matter, nutrient levels and amounts in shoot dry matter. The results corroborate that all treatments provided improvements in the soil attributes. Those improvements caused larger readiness of nutrients for the plants, which provided an appropriate growth of Macacaúba seedlings. The plants that grew on cattle manure treatment showed higher nutrient absorption and growth rates in a smaller period of time. It suggests that cattle manure soil is the most suitable in the production of Macacaúba seedlings

SUBSTRATE FOR PRODUCTION OF MACACA aBA ( Platymiscium ulei Harms) SEEDLINGS IN THE AUTAZES TOWN, AMAZONAS STATE

A produ\ue7\ue3o de mudas de esp\ue9cies nativas com qualidade, a fim de se obter sucesso nos reflorestamentos, est\ue1 muitas vezes relacionada com o n\uedvel de efici\ueancia dos substratos utilizados, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar diferentes composi\ue7\uf5es de substratos para produ\ue7\ue3o de mudas no munic\uedpio de Autazes, AM. Foram testados oito tratamentos dispostos em delineamento experimental de blocos casualizados, com cinco repeti\ue7\uf5es. Os tratamentos foram: esterco bovino, calagem, fosfatagem corretiva, aduba\ue7\ue3o com NPK, calagem + fosfatagem corretiva, fosfatagem corretiva + aduba\ue7\ue3o com NPK, calagem + aduba\ue7\ue3o com NPK e calagem + fosfatagem corretiva + aduba\ue7\ue3o com NPK. Ap\uf3s 120 dias, foram avaliadas as seguintes caracter\uedsticas: altura da parte a\ue9rea, di\ue2metro do colo, mat\ue9ria seca das partes: a\ue9rea, raiz e total, e os teores e conte\ufados de nutrientes na mat\ue9ria seca da parte a\ue9rea. Os resultados permitem afirmar que todos os tratamentos proporcionaram progressos nos atributos do substrato. Essas melhorias ocasionaram maior disponibilidade de nutrientes para as plantas, os quais proporcionaram um crescimento adequado das mudas de macaca\ufaba. Sendo que as plantas submetidas ao tratamento esterco bovino apresentaram maior absor\ue7\ue3o de nutriente e maiores taxas de crescimento em menor per\uedodo de tempo. Sugerindo que este substrato \ue9 o mais indicado para a produ\ue7\ue3o de mudas de macaca\ufaba, por promover \ue0s mudas maiores taxa de crescimento e em um menor per\uedodo de tempo.The production of native species seedlings with quality in order to achieve success in reforestation is related with the level of efficiency of used substrates. The objective of the study was to assess different substrate compositions for the production of seedlings in the city of Autazes, in Amazonas state. Eight treatments arranged in random blocks experimental design, with five replicates were tested. The treatments were: cattle manure, lime, corrective phosphate, fertilizer with NPK, lime + correction phosphate, corrective phosphate + fertilizer with NPK, lime + fertilization with NPK and lime + corrective phosphate + fertilizer with NPK. After 120 days, the following characteristics were assessed: height of shoot, diameter of the neck, shoot, paroot and total dry matter, nutrient levels and amounts in shoot dry matter. The results corroborate that all treatments provided improvements in the soil attributes. Those improvements caused larger readiness of nutrients for the plants, which provided an appropriate growth of Macaca\ufaba seedlings. The plants that grew on cattle manure treatment showed higher nutrient absorption and growth rates in a smaller period of time. It suggests that cattle manure soil is the most suitable in the production of Macaca\ufaba seedlings

DESENVOLVIMENTO DE MUDAS DE Swietenia macrophylla EM RESPOSTA A NITROGÊNIO, FÓSFORO E POTÁSSIO

Objetivou-se avaliar neste estudo o efeito de nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio no crescimento de mudas de mogno. As plantas foram cultivadas num Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico argiloso com seis níveis de nitrogênio (0, 50, 100, 125, 150 e 200 kg N ha-1), seis níveis de fósforo (0, 75, 150, 225, 300 e 400 kg P2O5 ha-1) e seis níveis de potássio (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 e 200 kg K ha-1), em condição de casa de vegetação. Aos 100 dias após o transplantio, as plantas foram colhidas para determinar as características de crescimento: altura, diâmetro, matéria seca da parte aérea e raízes e a concentração de nutrientes presentes na parte aérea e raízes. O desenvolvimento das mudas de mogno é pouco influenciado pelo fornecimento de doses crescentes dos nutrientes nitrogênio, fósforo e potássio, indicando uma baixa exigência nutricional da espécie na fase inicial de crescimento. Entre os nutrientes avaliados, a espécie parece ligeiramente mais exigente quanto ao potássio em relação aos demais. No entanto, a demanda da planta já seria satisfeita com uma pequena adição do respectivo nutriente. A adubação com nitrogênio e fósforo não promove melhora na qualidade das mudas de mogno.Palavras-chave: Espécies florestais; mogno; nutrição mineral; crescimento inicial. AbstractDevelopment of Swietenia macrophylla seedlings in response to nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. A Greenhouse experiment was developed in order to investigate effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the growth of mahogany seedlings (Swietenia macrophylla King). The plants were cultured in clayey dystrophic Red Latosol containing six nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100, 125, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1), six phosphorus levels (0, 75, 150, 225, 300 and 400 kg P2O5 ha-1) and six potassium levels (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg K ha-1). After 100 days of transplanting, the plants were harvest and processed for determine height, diameter, dry weight and nutrient concentration in roots and shoots. Addition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium did not affect the mahogany seedlings development. In contrast to N and P, the yield of plants was slightly greater with K fertilization. In general, results of this study clearly demonstrate the absence of a beneficial effect of these nutrients on the growth of mahogany seedlings. The nitrogen and phosphorus did not improve the quality of mahogany seedlings.Keywords: Forest species; mahogany; mineral nutrition; early growth.A Greenhouse experiment was developed in order to investigate effects of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on the growth of mahogany seedlings (Swietenia macrophylla King). The plants were cultured in clayey dystrophic Red Latosol containing six nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100, 125, 150 and 200 kg N ha-1), six phosphorus levels (0, 75, 150, 225, 300 and 400 kg P2O5 ha-1) and six potassium levels (0, 40, 80, 120, 160 and 200 kg K ha-1). After 100 days of transplanting, the plants were harvest and processed for determine height, diameter, dry weight and nutrient concentration in roots and shoots. Addition of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium did not affect the mahogany seedlings development. In contrast to N and P, the yield of plants was slightly greater with K fertilization. In general, results of this study clearly demonstrate the absence of a beneficial effect of these nutrients on the growth of mahogany seedlings. The nitrogen and phosphorus did not improve the quality of mahogany seedlings

CALAGEM E ADUBAÇÃO FOSFATADA PARA A PRODUÇÃO DE MUDAS DE Swietenia macrophylla

This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of four P sources in the presence and absence of liming on the growth and nutrition of mahogany seedlings conducted in pots with very clayey dystrophic Yellow Latosol. It had been used a randomized-block designed in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme represented by: two levels of liming (absence and presence) and four P sources (simple superphosphate, triple superphosphate, Arad reactive rock phosphate and Magnesium thermophosphate) with four replications. The absorption of nutrients and growth of mahogany seedlings were little affected by both P sources and supply of limestone. It indicates that this specie presents low sensibility to soil acidity as well as little requirements of P as nutrient at this stage of cultivation. Higher efficiency in both nutrients uptake and mahogany seedlings growth was observed for the Arad phosphate rock. Results suggest that sources of P with low water solubility can be agronomically more effective in highly weathered soils as well as with high clay content.In general, the behavior of P sources was little affected by soil pH.Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, avaliar a eficiência agronômica de quatro fontes de fósforo, na presença e ausência de calagem, no crescimento inicial e nos teoresde macronutrientes em mudas de mogno, cultivadas em vasos com Latossolo Amarelo Distrófico, textura argilosa. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4: dois níveis de calagem (ausência e presença) e quatro fontes de P (superfosfato simples, superfosfato triplo, fosfato natural reativo Arad e termofosfato Yoorin), com quatro repetições. A absorção de macronutrientes e o crescimento das mudas de mogno foram pouco afetados, tanto pelas fontes de P quanto pelo fornecimento de calcário, indicando ser a espécie pouco sensível à acidez do solo e pouco exigente a esse nutriente nessa fase de cultivo. A maior eficiência tanto na absorção de nutrientes quanto para o crescimento da espécie mogno foi observada para o fosfato natural reativo Arad, sugerindo que a fonte de P com menor solubilidade em água pode ser agronomicamente mais eficiente em solos altamente intemperizados e com altos teores de argila. De modo geral, o comportamento das fontes de P foi pouco influenciado pelo pH do solo.Palavras-chave: Correção do solo; mogno; adubação; espécies florestais nativas. AbstractLiming and fertilization phosphated for the production of Swietenia macrophylla seedlings. This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic efficiency of four P sources in the presence and absence of liming on the growth and nutrition of mahogany seedlings conducted in pots with very clayey dystrophic Yellow Latosol. It had been used a randomized-block designed in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme represented by: two levels of liming (absence and presence) and four P sources (simple superphosphate, triple superphosphate, Arad reactive rock phosphate and Magnesium thermophosphate) with four replications. The absorption of nutrients and growth of mahogany seedlings were little affected by both P sources and supply of limestone. It indicates that this specie presents low sensibility to soil acidity as well as little requirements of P as nutrient at this stage of cultivation. Higher efficiency in both nutrients uptake and mahogany seedlings growth was observed for the Arad phosphate rock. Results suggest that sources of P with low water solubility can be agronomically more effective in highly weathered soils as well as with high clay content.In general, the behavior of P sources was little affected by soil pH.Keywords: Soil amendment; mahogany; fertilization; native forest species