Correlation of Beam Electron and LED Signal Losses under Irradiation and Long-term Recovery of Lead Tungstate Crystals

Radiation damage in lead tungstate crystals reduces their transparency. The calibration that relates the amount of light detected in such crystals to incident energy of photons or electrons is of paramount importance to maintaining the energy resolution the detection system. We report on tests of lead tungstate crystals, read out by photomultiplier tubes, exposed to irradiation by monoenergetic electron or pion beams. The beam electrons themselves were used to measure the scintillation light output, and a blue light emitting diode (LED) was used to track variations of crystals transparency. We report on the correlation of the LED measurement with radiation damage by the beams and also show that it can accurately monitor the crystals recovery from such damage.Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures, LaTeX2

Design and performance of LED calibration system prototype for the lead tungstate crystal calorimeter

A highly stable monitoring system based on blue and red light emitting diodes coupled to a distribution network comprised of optical fibers has been developed for an electromagnetic calorimeter that uses lead tungstate crystals readout with photomultiplier tubes. We report of the system prototype design and on the results of laboratory tests. Stability better than 0.1% (r.m.s.) has been achieved during one week of prototype operation.Comment: 10 pages, 6 figures, LaTeX2

First study of radiation hardness of lead tungstate crystals at low temperatures

The electromagnetic calorimeter of PANDA at the FAIR facility will rely on an operation of lead tungstate (PWO) scintillation crystals at temperatures near -25 deg.C to provide sufficient resolution for photons in the energy range from 8 GeV down to 10 MeV. Radiation hardness of PWO crystals was studied at the IHEP (Protvino) irradiation facility in the temperature range from room temperature down to -25 deg.C. These studies have indicated a significantly different behaviour in the time evolution of the damaging processes well below room temperature. Different signal loss levels at the same dose rate, but at different temperatures were observed. The effect of a deep suppression of the crystal recovery process at temperatures below 0 deg.C has been seen.Comment: 10 pages 7 figure

LED Monitoring System for the BTeV Lead Tungstate Crystal Calorimeter Prototype

We report on the performance of a monitoring system for a prototype calorimeter for the BTeV experiment that uses Lead Tungstate crystals coupled with photomultiplier tubes. The tests were carried out at the 70 GeV accelerator complex at Protvino, Russia.Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, LaTeX2e, revised versio

Налоговое законодательство государства и правила применения контрольно-кассовой техники: вопросы интеграции

The subject of the study is the legal regulation of the obligation to use cash registers and its relationship with the tax obligation, as well as the ratio of tax control and control over the use of cash registers (operational control).The purpose of the study is to determine the theoretical, practical and legislative (normative) approaches to the integration of relations for fixing settlements (including with the use of cash registers) in the sphere of tax legislation regulation. The author determined the place of relations in the field of application of cash registers in the system of tax legal relations.The main hypothesis proposed by the author is that Russian legislation lacks the required quality of a legal link between the use of cash registers and the payment of taxes. According to the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the obligation to use cash registers is not the responsibility of the taxpayer. At the same time, the obligation of organizations and individual entrepreneurs who make settlements in the Russian Federation is enshrined in a separate legislative act. This act establishes that the use of cash registers is carried out, among other things, for tax purposes, and the tax authorities are vested with the appropriate powers to control the use of cash registers.The author emphasizes that the use of a cash register is a tool for fixing the calculation - documenting in the trusted zone of the state the fact of the financial and economic life of the taxpayer. The nature of the obligation to use cash registers is the nature of tax legal relations. Although liability for violation of the rules for the use of cash registers under Russian law is administrative in nature, this fact does not contradict the theory of law. Consequently, the transformation of administrative responsibility for violation of the rules for the use of cash registers into tax liability is optional.In this regard, it is necessary to implement legislative changes in order to integrate into the tax legislation relations on the use of cash registers and control over the use of cash registers. The author, citing foreign legislation as an example, points to various options and degrees of integration. As the best option, it is proposed to include the obligation to record settlements in the Tax Code of the Russian Federation and recognize operational control as part of tax control there.In the course of the work, the author used both general research methods, including methods analysis and synthesis, as well as industry, including the formal legal method.Based on the results of the study, the author comes to the conclusion that it is necessary to transform the approach to the use of cash registers, to move to the category of “fixing settlements”. The necessity of including operational control in the composition of tax control is emphasized. This fact will create a single set of tools and rules for the work of tax authorities. All of the above will lead to the fact that each specific fact of violation of the rules for the use of cash registers can be reflected in a desk or field tax audit. As a result, the obligation to fix the calculations will become the basis for the functioning of new and promising taxation regimes.Рассмотрено соотношение действующего правового регулирования применения контрольно-кассовой техники (ККТ) в Российской Федерации и налогового законодательства. Ввиду отсутствия на сегодняшний день необходимого качества правовой связи между применением ККТ и уплатой налогов автором, после определения места ККТ в системе правоотношений, последовательно рассмотрены теоретические, практические и нормотворческие вопросы интеграции законодательных норм о применении ККТ в систему налогового законодательства, обоснована необходимость такой интеграции и определены ее основные параметры. Отражены основные идеи автора относительно трансформации подхода законодателя к регулированию обязанности фиксации расчетов и оперативного контроля

Comparison of Radiation Damage in Lead Tungstate Crystals under Pion and Gamma Irradiation

Studies of the radiation hardness of lead tungstate crystals produced by the Bogoroditsk Techno-Chemical Plant in Russia and the Shanghai Institute of Ceramics in China have been carried out at IHEP, Protvino. The crystals were irradiated by a 40-GeV pion beam. After full recovery, the same crystals were irradiated using a $^{137}Cs$ $\gamma$-ray source. The dose rate profiles along the crystal length were observed to be quite similar. We compare the effects of the two types of radiation on the crystals light output.Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, Latex 2e, 28.04.04 - minor grammatical change

The automatic gain-matching in the PIBETA CsI calorimeter

Segmented electromagnetic calorimeters are used to determine both the total energy and direction (momentum components) of charged particles and photons. A trade off is involved in selecting the degree of segmentation of the calorimeter as the spatial and energy resolutions are affected differently. Increased number of individual detectors reduces accidental particle pile-up per detector but introduces complications related to ADC pedestals and pedestal variations, exacerbates the effects of electronic noise and ground loops, and requires summing and discrimination of multiple analog signals. Moreover, electromagnetic showers initiated by individual ionizing particles spread over several detectors. This complicates the precise gain-matching of the detector elements which requires an iterative procedure. The PIBETA calorimeter is a 240-module pure CsI non-magnetic detector optimized for detection of photons and electrons in the energy range 5-100 MeV. We present the computer-controlled, automatic, in situ gain-matching procedure that we developed and used routinely in several rare pion and muon decay experiments with the PIBETA detector.Comment: 28 pages, 13 postscript figures, LaTeX, submitted to Nucl. Instrum. Meth.

High-energy proton induced damage study of scintillation light output from PbWO4 calorimeter crystals

Eight PbWO4 crystals produced for the electromagnetic calorimeter of the CMS experiment at LHC have been irradiated in a 20 GeV/c proton beam up to fluences of 5.4 E13 p/cm2. The damage recovery in these crystals, stored in the dark at room temperature, has been followed for over a year. Comparative irradiations with 60Co photons have been performed on seven other crystals using a dose rate of 1 kGy/h. The issue whether hadrons cause a specific damage to the scintillation mechanism has been studied through light output measurements on the irradiated crystals using cosmic rays. The correlation between light output changes and light transmission changes is measured to be the same for proton-irradiated crystals and for gamma-irradiated crystals. Thus, within the precision of the measurements and for the explored range of proton fluences, no additional, hadron-specific damage to the scintillation mechanism is observed.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure

Performance of a fine-sampling electromagnetic calorimeter prototype in the energy range from 1 to 19 GeV

The fine-sampling electromagnetic calorimeter prototype has been experimentally tested using the 1-19 GeV/c tagged beams of negatively charged particles at the U70 accelerator at IHEP, Protvino. The energy resolution measured by electrons is Delta{E}/E=2.8%/\sqrt{E} + 1.3%. The position resolution for electrons is Delta{x}=3.1 + 15.4/sqrt{E} mm in the center of the cell. The lateral non-uniformity of the prototype energy response to electrons and MIPs has turned out to be negligible. Obtained experimental results are in a good agreement with Monte-Carlo simulations.Comment: Article is prepared for pdflatex using the class elsart. 13 pages, 9 figures in 11 PDF file

Study of Radiation Damage in Lead Tungstate Crystals Using Intense High Energy Beams

We report on the effects of radiation on the light output of lead tungstate crystals. The crystals were irradiated by pure, intense high energy electron and hadron beams as well as by a mixture of hadrons, neutrons and gammas. The crystals were manufactured in Bogoroditsk, Apatity (both Russia), and Shanghai (China). These studies were carried out at the 70-GeV proton accelerator in Protvino