Legibilidade textual e modalidades de tradução: teoria e prática

Demonstrate how the Theory of Translation and Text Theory, despite being autonomous disciplines, are intrinsically linked to the readability of translated texts. For this, we weave theoretical reflections and prove the relevance of the subject of readability also in relation to translated texts. We emphasize that, as regards the way of translating, each epoch tends to conceive of the translation act in a way that is consistent with its philosophy and its paradigms. We justify why we do not consider it appropriate to adopt a translation strategy that suggests a close relationship between the type of text and the translation strategy. We present also the linguistic and extralinguistic factors that compete in general and in translated texts for a better or worse readability index and we exemplify.Demonstra como a Teoria da Tradução e a Teoria do Texto, apesar de serem disciplinas autônomas, estão intrinsecamente ligadas para legibilidade de textos traduzidos. Para isso, tecemos reflexões teóricas e comprovamos a relevância do assunto da legibilidade também com relação a textos traduzidos. Ressaltamos que, no que tange à forma de traduzir, cada época tende a conceber o ato tradutório de forma condizente com sua filosofia e seus paradigmas. Justificamos por que não consideramos adequada a adoção de uma estratégia tradutória que sugira uma relação de pertinência estreita entre o tipo de texto e a estratégia de tradução. Apresentamos, ainda, os fatores linguísticos e extralinguísticos que concorrem em geral e em textos traduzidos para um melhor ou pior índice de legibilidade e exemplificamos

As funções do paratexto para a inteligibilidade da obra traduzida

This paper intends to analyze the functions of the paratext and its importance for the comprehension of translated texts. The verbal fragments that surround a text, i.e. the paratext, can actually have a significant role in text comprehension and in argumentative orientation. It is also our objective to illustrate the extent to which paratextual differences found in various editions of the same translated work can affect its legibility. The theoretical approach for these reflections is based on the Theory of Text, the Theory of Translation, and on the Theory of Reception and Reading. The observations come from the analysis of seven Portuguese translations of the work Dei Delitti e Delle Pene, a treatise on penal law written by Cesare Beccaria, an Italian author of the 18th century.Este estudo pretende analisar as funções do paratexto e sua importância para a inteligibilidade da obra traduzida. Com efeito, os fragmentos verbais que contornam o texto, isto é, o paratexto, podem assumir um papel significativo para a compreensão textual e a orientação argumentativa. Nesse sentido, é também objetivo deste estudo ilustrar em que medida as diferenças paratextuais presentes em várias edições da mesma obra traduzida podem incidir na legibilidade. A abordagem teórica para as referidas reflexões recorre à Teoria do Texto, à Teoria da Tradução e à Teoria da Recepção e Leitura. As observações resultam da análise de sete traduções para a língua portuguesa do tratado de direito penal Dos Delitos e das Penas de Cesare Beccaria, autor italiano do século XVIII

Population Dynamic, Anthelmintic Treatments and the Influence of Helminth Infections on Weight Gain in Water Buffalo Calves (Bubalus Bubalis)

The dynamics of gastrointestinal helminthiasis was studied in buffalo calves naturally exposed to helminth infection at two farms in Minas Gerais, Brazil. The effect of helminthiasis was evaluated with respect to weight gain of naturally infected untreated calves versus those which received anthelmintic treatment either with fenbendazole or ivermectin. The treated animals had significantly (p<0.05) higher weight gain. Strongyloides papillosus was diagnosed from 30 to 60 days after birth, and Toxocara vitulorum from 60 to 90 days. During spring, there was a rise in the eggs per gram (EPG) count of Trichostrongylidae. Severe infection of Paracooperia nodulosa was detected in few 9-month-old buffalo calves.The results of this study indicate efficacy of fenbendazole and ivermectin in different age group calves for better health and reduced probability of helminth resistance. This study also indicates the necessity for good nutritional management of buffalo calves to improve the efficacy of parasite control

Prototypical antipsychotic drugs protect hippocampal neuronal cultures against cell death induced by growth medium deprivation

BACKGROUND: Several clinical studies suggested that antipsychotic-based medications could ameliorate cognitive functions impaired in certain schizophrenic patients. Accordingly, we investigated the effects of various dopaminergic receptor antagonists – including atypical antipsychotics that are prescribed for the treatment of schizophrenia – in a model of toxicity using cultured hippocampal neurons, the hippocampus being a region of particular relevance to cognition. RESULTS: Hippocampal cell death induced by deprivation of growth medium constituents was strongly blocked by drugs including antipsychotics (10(-10)-10(-6 )M) that display nM affinities for D(2 )and/or D(4 )receptors (clozapine, haloperidol, (±)-sulpiride, domperidone, clozapine, risperidone, chlorpromazine, (+)-butaclamol and L-741,742). These effects were shared by some caspases inhibitors and were not accompanied by inhibition of reactive oxygen species. In contrast, (-)-raclopride and remoxipride, two drugs that preferentially bind D(2 )over D(4 )receptors were ineffective, as well as the selective D(3 )receptor antagonist U 99194. Interestingly, (-)-raclopride (10(-6 )M) was able to block the neuroprotective effect of the atypical antipsychotic clozapine (10(-6 )M). CONCLUSION: Taken together, these data suggest that D2-like receptors, particularly the D(4 )subtype, mediate the neuroprotective effects of antipsychotic drugs possibly through a ROS-independent, caspase-dependent mechanism

Efficacy analysis of parasitic integrated control in buffaloes

Parasitic infestations are responsible for economic losses to buffalo farms. Using the scientific support of epidemiological and parasitic studies in this area, the present research aimed to evaluate the efficacy of an integrated control of parasitic disease purposed. The parasitic integrated control provides a schedule for optimize the drugs for parasitic control to reduce the number of treatments, reduce costs and the parasitic infestation impact in animal productions. In the experiment was used a total population of buffaloes reared in a farm located at Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The in the same day the calves, growing males and non lactation animals were treated with doramectin (200 mcg/ kg BW) and the lactation animals were treated with alfa-ciano-3fenoxibenzil-2, 2-dimetil-3-(2,2-diclorovinil)-ciclopropano carboxilaton solution. Calves positive to Eimeria bareillyi and Eimeria bovis oocysts were treated with toltrazuril. The lice population was eradicated and the average numbers of trichostrongylid eggs and Eimeria sp. oocysts were substantially reduced to acceptable account

Protective Action of Resveratrol in Human Skin: Possible Involvement of Specific Receptor Binding Sites

Background: Resveratrol is a plant-derived polyphenol with purported protecting action on various disorders associated with aging. It has been suggested that resveratrol could exert its protective action by acting on specific plasma membrane polyphenol binding sites (Han Y.S., et al. (2006) J Pharmacol Exp Ther 318:238–245). The purpose of this study was to investigate, in human skin, the possible existence of specific binding sites that mediate the protective action of resveratrol. Methods and Findings: Using human skin tissue, we report here the presence of specific [ 3 H]-resveratrol binding sites (KD = 180 nM) that are mainly located in the epidermis. Exposure of HaCaT cells to the nitric oxide free radical donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP; 0.3–3 mM) resulted in cell death which was reduced by resveratrol (EC50 = 14.7 mM), and to a much lesser extent by the resveratrol analogue piceatannol (EC 50 =95 mM) and epigallocatechin gallate (EC 50 =200 mM), a green-tea derived polyphenol. The protective action of resveratrol likely relates to its anti-apoptotic effect since at the same range of concentration it was able to reduce both the number of apoptotic cells as well as mitochondrial apoptotic events triggered by SNP. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings suggest that resveratrol, by acting on specific polyphenol binding sites i

Environmental liability in comparative law: Legal and social contexts in Brazil, Austria and Switzerland

O bem jurídico “meio ambiente” e o instituto civilista regulamentador de sua violação nas legislações domésticas da Europa e do Brasil desenvolvem-se descompassadamente, mesmo sob o influxo de convenções supranacionais. A repercussão das convenções e tratativas internacionais e europeias, no tocante aos direitos de novíssima dimensão, esboça o empenho da comunidade global em impulsionar a responsabilidade civil de natureza difusa em meio à heterogeneidade local e comportamental das sociedades. A realidade brasileira, em cotejo com a das nações suíça e austríaca, noticia uma dessimetria significativa dentro desse enfoque e diagnostica contextos múltiplos de união cidadã. A qualidade e quantidade da produção regulamentar atinente ao bem jurídico ambiental, nos três países em foco, denotam estrita relação com os aspectos sociológicos de interdependência coletiva. Neste artigo, lançou-se mão da argumentação dedutiva, da diretriz metodológica qualitativa e da análise comparativa ao buscar toda a legislação internacional oportuna, bem como as normatizações dos Estados destacados, para que o texto fosse apto a evidenciar as diversas intensidades de agregação social e as discrepantes heterogenias sociais, desempenhando uma função educativa e reflexiva a respeito da valoração de direitos comuns e transindividuais.Palavras-chave: Direito Internacional, meio ambiente, responsabilidade civil.The environment as a legal asset and the juridical remedy for its breach have distinguishably evolved in European agreements and domestic law in comparison to Brazil’s legal system, despite of the harmonizing goal of the declarations and treaties emanated from supranational organizations. The juridical standard designed by this international approach pursues correspondence and exchangeability between nations of the globe, in spite of the obvious discrepancies in the social and environmental agendas of developed and developing countries. The quality and quantity of the legal production connected to the environment in Brazil, Switzerland and Austria declare a relevant association with community bonds. In this paper, deductive reasoning as well as qualitative and comparative methodologies were used in the compilation of all international norms and domestic laws and acts of each examined state. The major objective is to reveal Brazil’s reality in comparison to the Austrian and Swiss contexts, show relevant data and perspectives in relation to the asymmetry of juridical and collective cohesion and provide a refl exive construction on common and collective assets.Keywords: liability, environment, International Law