Personality profile and coping resources of family medicine vocational trainees at the University of Limpopo, South Africa

Background: Doctors are exposed to various stress factors in their personal and family lives, as well as in the workplace. Stress inherent to the responsibilities and challenges of the medical field may become a health hazard and threaten the well-being of the medical practitioner.Methods: The aim of this study was to investigate the personality traits and coping resources that contribute to the wellbeing of medical practitioners. A cross-sectional study of 44 out of 45 (98% response rate) family medicine vocational trainees at the Medical University of Southern Africa (now known as the University of Limpopo) was conducted. A biographic questionnaire was utilised to obtain specific information regarding the participants. The principal researcher used the CopingResources Inventory (CRI) questionnaire to assess coping resources, and the 16PF personality analysis (16PF) to establish a personality profile of the participants.Results: The majority of participants (81.8%) indicated that they mainly experienced work-related stress. Thirty-two participants (72.72%) self-medicated. Fourteen participants (31.81%) claimed to experience burn-out and twenty (45.45%) reported fatigue. In terms of their coping resources, 24 male participants (54.54%) did not cope socially (p ≤ 0.008) and eight (18.18%) also did not cope physically (p ≤ 0.024).Conclusions: The medical practitioners had a universal personality profile. They lacked insight regarding the symptoms they were experiencing that warranted management, e.g. depression and anxiety. The medical practitioners in this study did not utilise their social and physical coping resources optimally and reported poor help-seeking behaviour.Keywords: personality; coping resources; family medicine; stress; vocational trainee

Oxytocin use in South Africa - a review

Objective. Oxytocin is one of the most frequently used drugs in labour and there are many different dosage regimens. The aim of this study was to examine the use of oxytocin by obstetricians in South Africa. Methods. A specially designed questionnaire was drawn up and distributed to specialists according to an address list obtained from the South African Society of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists. Results. Three hundred and fifty questionnaires were distributed, with 174 processed for analysis. The majority of obstetricians (70.3%) reported that they would not use oxytocin for induction of labour in a patient with a previous would not consider the use of oxytocin in a patient with a multifetal pregnancy. Most respondents used oxytocin for induction of labour in multigravid patients and 91.9% also used oxytocin for augmentation in these patients. However, clinicians would not use oxytocin if the patient was a grand multipara. Conclusions. Most clinicians adhere to accepted protocols practised internationally, with a few exceptions. The use of oxytocin for both induction and augmentation of labour in women with one previous caesarean section is not practised in South Africa, despite evidence suggesting its safety. S Afr Med J 2004; 94: 839-845

Sprouty1 regulates reversible quiescence of a self-renewing adult muscle stem cell pool during regeneration.

Satellite cells are skeletal muscle stem cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation after transplantation, but whether they contribute to endogenous muscle fiber repair has been unclear. The transcription factor Pax7 marks satellite cells and is critical for establishing the adult satellite cell pool. By using a lineage tracing approach, we show that after injury, quiescent adult Pax7(+) cells enter the cell cycle; a subpopulation returns to quiescence to replenish the satellite cell compartment, while others contribute to muscle fiber formation. We demonstrate that Sprouty1 (Spry1), a receptor tyrosine kinase signaling inhibitor, is expressed in quiescent Pax7(+) satellite cells in uninjured muscle, downregulated in proliferating myogenic cells after injury, and reinduced as Pax7(+) cells re-enter quiescence. We show that Spry1 is required for the return to quiescence and homeostasis of the satellite cell pool during repair. Our results therefore define a role for Spry1 in adult muscle stem cell biology and tissue repair

The psychosocial effect of the COVID-19 national lockdown on Dentistry and Oral Hygiene students

The COVID-19 lockdown has had a psychological and social impact on dental students globally. To determine the psychosocial effect on students enrolled in dentistry and oral hygiene courses at UWC. To determine the psychosocial effects (living conditions, levels of anxiety, fear of COVID-19, and food security levels) experienced by students during the lockdown. A descriptive, cross-sectional study using a quantitative approach was used. Methods: A randomised sample (n=250), stratified by sex and academic year group, comprising undergraduate oral hygiene BOH total students = 90 and dentistry BDS total students = 450 (UWC, 2020) was used. Data was gathered via an online survey, (Google Forms). Survey questions included the GAD-7, FCV-19S questionnaire, and Food Security scales. The data were analysed using Epi Info 7. The response rate was 36% (n=90); 69.67% were female; the mean age was 22.34 (SD = 2.66); 91% lived with their parents during lockdown. Students’ main sources of funding were parents (47%), NSFAS or bursary (42%) and self-funded (11%). Substantial psychosocial effects with high anxiety (33%), fear of COVID-19 (47.3 %), and a lesser effect for food insecurity (FI) (5.49%) was reported. The study showed that the COVID-19 pandemic has contributed to psychosocial effects in a discipline that under ‘normal” conditions is experienced as stressful. This requires educational institutions to develop a targeted approach through relevant support systems that would identify vulnerable students at critical times

Ambient pressure upregulates nitric oxide synthase in a phosphorylated-extracellular regulated kinase– and protein kinase C–dependent manner

PurposeUsing endothelial cell/smooth muscle cell (SMC) cocultures, we have demonstrated that pressurized endothelial cell coculture inhibits SMC proliferation and promotes apoptosis, and that this effect is transferable through pressurized endothelial medium. We now hypothesized that endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) plays a significant role in mediating these pressure-induced effects.MethodsConditioned media from endothelial cells and SMCs exposed to ambient and increased pressure were transferred to recipient SMCs. We counted cells after 5 days of incubation with these media and evaluated eNOS and inducible NOS (iNOS) levels by Western blot.ResultsConditioned media from pressurized endothelial cells significantly decreased recipient SMC counts. This effect was sustained when N-nitro-L-arginine-methyl ester (L-NAME) was added to recipient cells but abolished when L-NAME was added to donor cells. SMCs were then exposed to control and pressurized conditions in monoculture or in coculture with endothelial cells. Pressure and coculture caused similar increase in iNOS levels but had no additive effect in combination. Finally, endothelial cells were exposed to control and pressurized environments. Pressure caused a 24% ± 1.6% increase in eNOS protein (P = .04, n = 12). This effect was sustained when cells were treated with L-NAME (32% ± 1.6% increase, P = .02) but abolished when endothelial cells were treated with calphostin C or PD98059 to block protein kinase C (PKC) or extracellular regulated kinase (ERK). Pressure also increased endothelial phosphorylated ERK (p-ERK) by 1.8-fold to 2.6-fold compared with control conditions after exposure of 2, 4, and 6 hours (P = .02, n = 4). This increase was sustained after pretreatment with calphostin C.ConclusionPressure modulates endothelial cell effects on SMC growth by increasing eNOS in an ERK-dependent and PKC-dependent manner.Clinical RelevanceIntimal hyperplasia is the main cause for restenosis that complicates 10% to 30% of all such vascular procedures and 30% to 40% of endovascular procedures. This article provides some novel information about smooth muscle cell/endothelial cell interaction, one of the main regulators of vascular remodeling and intimal hyperplasia. The role of endothelial cell/smooth muscle cell interaction cannot be studied well in vivo because these interactions cannot be distinguished from other factors that coexist in vivo, such as flow dynamics, matrix proteins, inflammatory factors, and interactions with other cells in the vascular wall and in the bloodstream. In this work, we use pressure as a triggering stimulus to alter in vitro endothelial behavior and identify important changes in endothelial regulation of smooth muscle cell biology. The pathways involved in this process and discussed in this article could ultimately be used to manipulate endothelial cell/smooth muscle cell interaction in clinical disease

Radiation protection at the National Nuclear Research Centre, Pelindaba

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Optimization of Protein-Protein Interaction Measurements for Drug Discovery Using AFM Force Spectroscopy

Increasingly targeted in drug discovery, protein-protein interactions challenge current high throughput screening technologies in the pharmaceutical industry. Developing an effective and efficient method for screening small molecules or compounds is critical to accelerate the discovery of ligands for enzymes, receptors and other pharmaceutical targets. Here, we report developments of methods to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for screening protein-protein interactions using atomic force microscopy (AFM) force spectroscopy. We have demonstrated the effectiveness of these developments on detecting the binding process between focal adhesion kinases (FAK) with protein kinase B (Akt1), which is a target for potential cancer drugs. These developments include optimized probe and substrate functionalization processes and redesigned probe-substrate contact regimes. Furthermore, a statistical-based data processing method was developed to enhance the contrast of the experimental data. Collectively, these results demonstrate the potential of the AFM force spectroscopy in automating drug screening with high throughput