War Crimes and the Limits of Legalism

In April 1945, Sir John Simon, Britain\u27s Lord Chancellor, drew up a memorandum that was the last gasp in the diplomatic struggle against Nuremberg. Under American pressure, and despite British objections, the Allies were poised to agree to put the Axis leadership on trial for war crimes. In the kind of magnificent understatement that the British government could sometimes inadvertently achieve, it was entitled The Argument for Summary Process against Hitler & Co. The memorandum was a series of arguments to be used by the British delegation at the San Francisco conference in a last-ditch effort to win over the Americans and Soviets. Simon\u27s case was simple: the Nazi leaders deserved to be punished, but trials were not the way to do that. Simon feared that a trial of the Nazi leadership would drag on, wear out public interest, unearth embarrassing facts, and allow the Nazis a final chance to make propaganda. The legal difficulties also seemed daunting. It would be nightmarish to merge the American, British, and Soviet legal traditions. Nor was it clear that aggression - which was to be the main charge at Nuremberg and the focus of the American prosecution - could be considered a war crime in any conventional sense. If the Nazi defense managed to score a few small victories, the trial might be denounced as a farce. So Simon had a simpler solution: avoid the niceties of a trial and just shoot the Nazi leaders. These arguments were to be quashed. Led by Henry Stimson, Franklin Roosevelt\u27s Secretary of War, the American government was determined to have sweeping trials for the Nazi war criminals. In the face of this, Britain decided not to push Simon\u27s argument any further but to acquiesce with the wishes of its more powerful American ally with as much good grace as could be mustered.2 Whether one agrees with them - and I don\u27t - Simon\u27s arguments were not weak ones. But they are strange to hear nevertheless. Nuremberg is seen in retrospect as so unimpeachable, an act of such extraordinary restraint and justice, that it is disturbing to hear that it was fought with such pragmatic objections. When considering a war crimes tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and then another one for Rwanda, the United Nations did not air such debates. To the contrary, there is a kind of orthodoxy in human rights circles that regards it as almost self-evident that war crimes deserve war crimes trials. So many of the arguments against war crimes trials have been made in bad faith - by apologists for Serb or Croat nationalists and Hutu genocidaires, who do not really question legalistic methods but the need for punishment itself - that it is easy to forget that there are some reasonable arguments made in good faith against the trials

Developments in quantum technology for portable strontium atomic systems

Cold atomic experiments have reached a level of maturity where they are no longer required to be contained in a laboratory environment. This opens up the opportunity to develop portable quantum systems for use in science and industry but there is still a requirement to improve the methodology and technology to decrease the size and/or increase the performance to allow useful deployment in the field. Portable optical clocks are moving towards the prospect of remote frequency comparison where optical fibres links cannot be established [1], and measurements of gravitational redshift utilising the change in clock frequency with height [2]. This thesis focuses on systems utilising neutral strontium, detailing work on a portable strontium lattice clock, compact laser systems and an alternative atom source to current methods for next generation systems. The clock detailed in the thesis is designed with tophat beams and prisms to generate the 6 orthogonal directions of light for cooling and trapping of atoms; allowing a compact and robust atomic package to be designed. The progress in the experiment from a blue to a red magneto optical trap (MOT) is shown and it is described how the results found affect the future of the experiment. This work also inspired research into future technologies for portable strontium systems. Specifically, lasers of dimensions $77 \times 34 \times 57$ mm (length $\times$ width $\times$ height) were built and used to trap and cool atoms. These stable and compact lasers offer a low cost alternative to commercial lasers while providing the performance required for the trapping of atoms. Of note is the 461 nm laser that was constructed, producing 40 mW of single frequency light. The final experimental section covers the novel MOT loading with optically activated, strontium oxide powder that is successfully used as a atomic source for a cold atomic experiment. The source is held within the science chamber and sublimated to a gas with a focused 405 nm emission laser. This allows unique and compact designs be made as the source no longer needs be held and heated outside of the chamber, requiring line of sight from the point of release to capture. The flux released from the source has proven to trap twice as many atoms in the blue MOT compared to a commonly used dispenser, both without pre-cooling. The characterisation and limitation of this source is presented with considerations of how it will be used within an experiment. [1] T. Akatsuka et al. “30-km-long optical fiber link at 1397 nm for frequency comparison between distant strontium optical lattice clocks”. In: Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 53.032801 (Feb. 2014). doi: 10.7567/JJAP.53. 032801. url: https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.7567/JJAP.53. 032801. [2] M. Takamoto et al. “Test of general relativity by a pair of transportable optical lattice clocks”. In: Nature Photonics 14.411-415 (Apr. 2020). doi: 10.1038/ s41566 - 020 - 0619 - 8. url: https://www.nature.com/ articles/s41566-020-0619-8

Offshore LNG Production

A natural gas liquefaction plant was designed for offshore production of LNG, using only N2 and CO2 as refrigerants in the cooling cycles to avoid potential hazards of mixed hydrocarbon refrigerants. The process was designed to accommodate 13,500 lb-mole/hr (roughly 1MMmtpa) of raw natural gas feed, and fits within all parameters required in the process specifications. Safety concerns, the start-up process, and other potential considerations are also included. The Net Present Value of the project was found to be $37M at an internal rate of return (IRR) of 18.4%. Further analysis of the assumptions made in these calculations may be required before final project approval is made; however, estimates tend towards conservatism

Severe head injury in children - a preventable but forgotten epidemic

No Abstract

Singular Continuous Spectrum for the Laplacian on Certain Sparse Trees

We present examples of rooted tree graphs for which the Laplacian has singular continuous spectral measures. For some of these examples we further establish fractional Hausdorff dimensions. The singular continuous components, in these models, have an interesting multiplicity structure. The results are obtained via a decomposition of the Laplacian into a direct sum of Jacobi matrices

The “New” Student-Athlete: An Exploratory Examination of Scholarship eSports Players

The growth and popularity of eSports cannot be understated. The domain has become so mainstream that colleges and universities are rapidly beginning to launch eSports programs within their athletics departments. In this study, the authors interviewed 33 student-athletes receiving scholarships for participating in eSports at one institution. In all, the identity and social capital of athletes in this “new” athletic arena were explored and compared with previous studies examining “traditional” athletes. The implications of the similarities and differences are discussed and ideas for future research into this emerging field are presented

Osteoporosis knowledge and health beliefs among middle-aged men and women in the Southern United States

Context: The most common skeletal disease, osteoporosis, causes bone fragility due to decreased bone mass and bone microarchitecture destruction. The health belief model is often applied to asymptomatic, prevention-related diseases such as osteoporosis. Steps to mitigate the insidious nature of osteoporosis, including education, motivation, and monitoring of bone mineral density, must begin at an earlier age. Objectives: This study evaluates the knowledge and health beliefs surrounding osteoporosis in a population of males and females 35–50 years old to determine sex-based differences in osteoporosis knowledge and beliefs and to assess the correlation between perceptions and health motivation. Methods: Participants (81 males, 92 females) completed two questionnaires: the Osteoporosis Knowledge Test and the Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale. Descriptive statistics were performed along with Pearson product-moment correlation analysis to determine the relationships between the variables. Sex-based differences were calculated utilizing independent t-tests. Results: We discovered a statistically significant negative correlation between the barriers to exercise and health motivation (-0.434, p \u3c 0.001) and a statistically significant positive correlation between the benefits of exercise and health motivation (0.385, p \u3c 0.001). However, there was not a statistically significant correlation between health motivation with the following: the benefits of calcium, susceptibility, and the seriousness of osteoporosis. Between males and females, there was a statistically significant difference in exercise and calcium knowledge, susceptibility, and the benefits of both exercise and calcium (p \u3c 0.05). Conclusions: Males and females 35–50 years old perceive themselves to have a low susceptibility to osteoporosis. They do not consider osteoporosis a serious disease and have little motivation to mitigate its inception or progression. Their perceptions show that barriers to exercise impact health motivation more than the perceived benefits of exercise

Future of Leadership in Healthcare: Enabling Complexity Dynamics Across Levels

Healthcare is one of the world\u27s fastest-growing industries with over $10 trillion in projected spending by 2022 (Deloitte, 2019). Despite this growth, the industry faces several challenges including rising costs, care delivery outside urban areas and to marginalized populations, digital transformation, and regulatory compliance. To navigate these challenges and capitalize on growth opportunities, leaders must build and manage complex dynamics occurring in the space between the organization and a wide range of internal and external stakeholders. In this symposium, we address this issue by assembling a group of scholars trained in healthcare management, strategy, leadership, and organizational theory to discuss the role of leaders in the future of healthcare. Through a series of presentations, we will illustrate how leaders in healthcare enable complexity dynamics across organizational levels to drive desired outcomes. In doing so, we bring to the forefront the multilevel and complex nature of healthcare leadership and invite innovative thinking about leadership for the future of healthcare. Building Extra-Organizational Adaptive Networks: Complexity Leadership in Healthcare Presenter: Erin Bass; U. of Nebraska, Omaha Presenter: Ivana Milosevic; College of Charleston Physician CEOs & Patient Safety Presenter: Geoffrey Silvera; Auburn U. Presenter: Timothy J. Vogus; Vanderbilt U. Presenter: Jonathan Clark; U. of Texas At San Antonio Management Practices of Under-Resourced Nursing Homes Presenter: Justin Lord; Louisiana State U. Shreveport Stitching Ties: Team Performance in the Connected Organization Presenter: John Hollingsworth; U. of Michigan Presenter: Jason Owen-Smith; U. of Michigan, Ann Arbor Presenter: Dennie Kim; U. of Virginia Darden School of Business Presenter: Marlon DeMarcie Twyman; U. of Southern California, Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism Identifying Healthcare\u27s Future Leaders: Development of a Leadership Potential Model for Healthcare Presenter: Kevin S. Groves; Pepperdine U. Presenter: Ann E. Feyerherm; Pepperdine Graziadio Business Schoo