1,658 research outputs found
Relations between the aromaticity and magnetic dipole transitions in the electronic spectra of hetero[8]circulenes
Magnetically induced current densities have been calculated at the second-order MOller-Plesset perturbation theory (MP2) level for seven hetero[8]circulenes and their dicationic and dianionic forms. Calculations of the magnetic dipole transition moments have also been carried out at the algebraic diagrammatic construction (ADC(2)) and the second-order approximate coupled-cluster (CC2) levels. The calculations show that the degree of aromaticity and the size of the magnetic dipole transition moment of the lowest magnetic-dipole allowed excited state are related. We show that neutral hetero[8]circulenes are weakly antiaromatic when the first excited state with a large magnetic dipole transition moment of 10-16 a.u. lies at high energies (approximate to 2.8-3.5 eV). For the dications, this transition often lies at much lower energies. Hetero[8]circulene dications with large magnetic dipole transition moments are strongly antiaromatic. The lowest excited states of the hetero[8]circulene dianions have very small magnetic dipole transition moments implying that they are aromatic.Peer reviewe
First-principles method for calculating the rate constants of internal-conversion and intersystem-crossing transitions
A method for calculating the rate constants for internal-conversion (k(IC)) and intersystem-crossing (k(ISC)) processes within the adiabatic and Franck-Condon (FC) approximations is proposed. The applicability of the method is demonstrated by calculation of k(IC) and k(ISC) for a set of organic and organometallic compounds with experimentally known spectroscopic properties. The studied molecules were pyrromethene-567 dye, psoralene, hetero[8]circulenes, free-base porphyrin, naphthalene, and larger polyacenes. We also studied fac-Alq(3) and fac-Ir(ppy)(3), which are important molecules in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). The excitation energies were calculated at the multi-configuration quasi-degenerate second-order perturbation theory (XMC-QDPT2) level, which is found to yield excitation energies in good agreement with experimental data. Spin-orbit coupling matrix elements, non-adiabatic coupling matrix elements, Huang-Rhys factors, and vibrational energies were calculated at the time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) and complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) levels. The computed fluorescence quantum yields for the pyrromethene-567 dye, psoralene, hetero[8]circulenes, fac-Alq(3) and fac-Ir(ppy)(3) agree well with experimental data, whereas for the free-base porphyrin, naphthalene, and the polyacenes, the obtained quantum yields significantly differ from the experimental values, because the FC and adiabatic approximations are not accurate for these molecules.Peer reviewe
Dianthracenylazatrioxa[8]circulene: synthesis, characterization and application in OLEDs
A soluble, green-blue fluorescent, pi-extended azatrioxa[8]circulene was synthesized by oxidative condensation of a 3,6-dihydroxycarbazole and 1,4-anthraquinone by using benzofuran scaffolding. This is the first circulene to incorporate anthracene within its carbon framework. Solvent-dependent fluorescence and bright green electroluminescence accompanied by excimer emission are the key optical properties of this material. The presence of sliding pi-stacked columns in the single crystal of dianthracenylazatrioxa[8]circulene is found to cause a very high electron-hopping rate, thus making this material a promising n-type organic semiconductor with an electron mobility predicted to be around 2.26 cm(2) V-1 s(-1). The best organic light-emitting diode (OLED) device based on the dianthracenylazatrioxa[8]circulene fluorescent emitter has a brightness of around 16 000 Cd m(-2) and an external quantum efficiency of 3.3 %. Quantum dot-based OLEDs were fabricated by using dianthracenylazatrioxa[8]circulene as a host matrix material.Peer reviewe
The Study of Ethanol Extracts Composition of Organic (Kachkulnya Lake) and Organomineral (Barchin Lake) Sapropels from Novosibirsk Region
ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (ΠΎΠ·. ΠΠ°ΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΠ½Ρ) ΠΈ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (ΠΎΠ·. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ½) ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π²Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°.
ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ 50 Π΄ΠΎ 200 Β°C ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π² 19,0 ΠΈ
13,7 ΡΠ°Π· Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ.
ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΠ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠΎ-ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Ρ 68,1 % ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Ρ ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ² ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² ΠΌΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΎΡ 18 Π΄ΠΎ 29.
Π ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ 43,6 %, Π² ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡ
Π² Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
ΡΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΡΠΈ- ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π½Π΅ΠΌ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΠΊΠ»The extraction of sapropels of organic type (Kachkulnya Lake) and organo-mineral type (Barchin
Lake) from Novosibirsk region by ethanol at a variation of process temperature was studied. It was
shown that the rising of the temperature from 50 Β°C to 200 Β°C results in an increase the yields of
extracts by 19,0 and 13,7 times for sapropels organic and organo-mineral -types respectively
The composition of obtained extracts was established by IR and GC β MC methods. Products from
sapropel organic type contained 68,1 % ethyl esters, mainly of fatty acids with carbon atoms in the
molecule are from 18 to 29 numbers. It was established that relative content of ethyl esters in extract of
organo-mineral type sapropel was 43,6 %, they have a significant amounts of ethyl esters of hydroxy β
and oxyacids. A distinctive feature of the ethanol extract from organo-mineral type sapropel is the
presence of carbohydrates and compounds containing a furan rin
New records of Holocene polar bear and walrus (Carnivora) in the Russian Arctic
This article discusses recent finds of Holocene polar bear and walrus from the northern regions of Russia. The ulna of a polar bear was found on Vaygach Island and radiocarbon dated to 1,971 +/- 25 BP (OxA-23631). This calibrates to 430-540 AD, taking into account the marine reservoir effect. The size of the bone is similar to that of a recent Ursus maritimus. The locality of the fossil bone is within the modern species range, which developed about two millennia ago. In 2014 a walrus tusk was found on the coast of New Siberia Island and is radiocarbon dated to 5,065 +/- 35 BP (GrA-62452). This calibrates to 3,510-3,370 BC, taking into account the marine reservoir effect. Its size and morphology are identical to that of an adult male of the subspecies Odobenus rosmarus laptevi. This subspecies populates the eastern parts of the Kara Sea, the entire Laptev Sea and the western parts of the East Siberian Sea. This new discovery could mean that populations of O. rosmarus laptevi inhabited the waters near the New Siberian Islands during the Middle Holocene, and that the present-day coastline of the Siberian Arctic Islands was already formed at that time
Aromaticity and photophysics of tetrasila- and tetragerma-annelated tetrathienylenes as new representatives of the hetero[8]circulene family
The electronic structure, absorption and emission spectra, aromaticity and photophysical behavior of the recently synthesized tetrasilatetrathia[8]circulene and tetragermatetrathia[8]circulene compounds have been studied computationally. Both compounds demonstrate a specific bifacial aromaticity, which is unusual for hetero[8]circulenes; the inner eight-membered core sustains an expected strong paratropic magnetically-induced ring current, while the outer perimeter contains saturated Si(Et)2 and Ge(Et)2 moieties which break the conjugation between the thiophene rings. The overall magnetically-induced ring current for both studied circulenes is close to zero because of the strong local diatropic currents in each thiophene ring that compensate the paratropic counterpart. The electronic absorption and emission spectra of tetrasilatetrathia[8]circulene and tetragermatetrathia[8]circulene demonstrate a clear visible vibronic progression. The 0β0 band is the most active one in the absorption spectra, while in the fluorescence spectra the 0β1 band composed of several normal vibrations is more intense compared with the 0β0 band in excellent agreement with experiment. Accounting for spinβorbit coupling effects, an analysis of the photophysical constants for the two compounds demonstrates: (1) a clear manifestation of the internal heavy atom effect on the inter-system crossing efficiency; (2) one to two order domination of non-radiative rates over the fluorescence rate; and (3) that the S1βS0 internal conversion is extremely slow and can not compete with the fluorescence, while the S1βTn inter-system crossing is a main deactivation channel of the S1 excited state. These results provide new insight into the electronic structure and photophysics of tetrasilatetrathia[8]circulene and tetragermatetrathia[8]circulene as novel standalone representatives of hetero[8]circulenes β tetraannelated derivatives of tetrathienylene.Peer reviewe
ΠΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ°
The effect of a new biological preservative representing a mix of lyophilized Lactobacillus plantarum VKPM V-4173, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis VKPM V-2092 and Propionibacterium acidipropionici VKPMV-5723 strains (40 : 40 : 20) on the quality of haylage prepared from a mix of vetch, oats, and pea has been studied. The total bacteria content in the preservative was 1Β·1011 CFU/g. Five different variants of conservation of alfalfa haylage prepared at the budding stage were evaluated under laboratory conditions. The variants included a self-conserved control and the preservative at two different dosages (3 and 6 g/ton) with and without the addition of cellulolytic enzymes. The best results were observed in the case of both the enzyme-free and the enzyme-containing preservative at the dosage equal to 6 g/ton. These variants provided the maximum protein content in the haylage (94.3% and 94.5% of the initial content, respectively) and a high content of lactic acid (62.9% and 65.4% of the total acid content, respectively) and also good organoleptic characteristics. The determined optimum biopreservative dosage was tested under industrial conditions using 750 tons of vetch-oats-pea haylage. The use of the biopreservative provided a high-quality haylage of high nutritive value. Industrial evaluation of the effect on the productivity of milk cattle (nΒ =Β 15) of the addition of the biopreservative to the haylage showed that the maximum average daily yield of milk with basic fat content (3.4%) was obtained from cows of the experimental group whose ration included haylage prepared with the use of the studied preservative. This yield came to32.7 kg , which exceeded the yield for the control group (fed on self-conserved haylage) by 7.0%. Three months feeding of cows with the haylage prepared with the use of the new preservative brought a significant saving of money (4,862 rubles per a head at the prices of 2015β2016).Β ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ: Lactobacillus plantarum ΠΠΠΠ Π-4173, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ΠΠΠΠ Π-2092 ΠΈ Propionibacterium acidipropionici ΠΠΠΠ Π-5723 (Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 40 : 40 : 20) Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎ 1Β·1011 ΠΠΠ/Π³. Π Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π΅ Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ° 3 ΠΈ 6 Π³/Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆ. ΠΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ° Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ 6 Π³/Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ. Π ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½Π° (94,5% ΠΈ 94,3% ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅) ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ (65,4% ΠΈ 62,9% ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ. Π£ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠ΅ 750 ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΌΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆΠ°, Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ) ΠΈ Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ° (ΠΎΠΏΡΡ), Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ (n = 15), ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (3,4%) ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 32,7 ΠΊΠ³, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π° 7% Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆ. Π‘ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΌΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ 4Β 862 ΡΡΠ±Π»Ρ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ
2015β2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°.ΠΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ: Lactobacillus plantarum ΠΠΠΠ Π-4173, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis ΠΠΠΠ Π-2092 ΠΈ Propionibacterium acidipropionici ΠΠΠΠ Π-5723 (Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 40 : 40 : 20) Π½Π° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±Π°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ»ΠΎ 1Β·1011 ΠΠΠ/Π³. Π Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ° Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π΅ Π±ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ° 3 ΠΈ 6 Π³/Ρ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆ. ΠΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° Π½Π°ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ° Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ 6 Π³/Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π±Π΅Π· Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ. Π ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΈΠ½Π° (94,5% ΠΈ 94,3% ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅) ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ (65,4% ΠΈ 62,9% ΠΎΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΎΠ»Π΅ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ. Π£ΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ° Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ΠΊΠ΅ 750 ΡΠΎΠ½Π½ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΡΠΊΠ°ΡΠΌΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆΠ°, Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ (ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ) ΠΈ Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ° (ΠΎΠΏΡΡ), Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ (n = 15), ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠ° Π±Π°Π·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ (3,4%) ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΡΡΠΏΠΏΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ» 32,7 ΠΊΠ³, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π° 7% Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ²ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆ. Π‘ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΌΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΠΌ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆΠ° ΠΈΠ· Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎ-ΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈ Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ 4Β 862 ΡΡΠ±Π»Ρ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅Π½Π°Ρ
2015β2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°
Statistical mechanics of voting
Decision procedures aggregating the preferences of multiple agents can
produce cycles and hence outcomes which have been described heuristically as
`chaotic'. We make this description precise by constructing an explicit
dynamical system from the agents' preferences and a voting rule. The dynamics
form a one dimensional statistical mechanics model; this suggests the use of
the topological entropy to quantify the complexity of the system. We formulate
natural political/social questions about the expected complexity of a voting
rule and degree of cohesion/diversity among agents in terms of random matrix
models---ensembles of statistical mechanics models---and compute quantitative
answers in some representative cases.Comment: 9 pages, plain TeX, 2 PostScript figures included with epsf.tex
(ignore the under/overfull \vbox error messages
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