130 research outputs found
Substantiation Of Hot Smoking Parameters Based On Sensory Researches In Hot Fish Marinades Technology In The Jelly Pouring
Modern technologies of food products provide creation of healthy, tasty and safe products, characterized by high organoleptic properties, balance by main food factors and structural-mechanical parameters of a product.The main technological process in the technology of fish marinades and a jelly pouring is the hot smoking. Technological parameters of the hot smoking have been scientifically grounded on the base of the statistical processing of data of sensory studies. Organoleptic assessment of semi-products after the thermal processing was carried out by 5-point system corresponding to the elaborated scale. The quantitative assessment of organoleptic parameters of the quality of experimental samples was determined by the totality of all assessment points, taking into account chosen weight coefficients depending on the importance degree of a given parameter at forming consumer qualities of a product. The generalizing quality parameter was calculated as a sum of assessments of organoleptic parameters β taste, consistence and appearance. Individual assessments of separated quality parameters of products (in points) were put in degustation lists and statistically processed by the averaging method.The smoking process realization, according to scientifically grounded parameters allows to produce the new type of tasty, healthy and presentable culinary products of a perspective object of Ukrainian aquaculture β silver carp of a prolonged storage term
Π‘Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ. Π ΠΎΠ»Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ
The article is devoted to the history and current state of scientific study, preservation and publication of Indian manuscripts heritage. Special attention is paid to the activities of the Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts and National Mission for Manuscripts on digitization of ancient and medieval monuments of book culture and creation of National digital library of manuscripts of India. The author describes the history of Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library (Patna), which was opened in 1891 thanks to the illustrious Muslim public figure, lawyer and bibliophile Khuda Bakhsh. Currently the Khuda Bakhsh Oriental Public Library is one of the leading national research and enlightenment institutions in India, specializing in the history and culture of the Medieval India and Islamic East. The role of library in the implementation of the national program on preservation, study, cataloguing, conservation, restoration and digitization of medieval oriental manuscripts (Arabic, Persian, in Pashto and Urdu) is characterized. There is also emphasized the continuity of Indiaβs current library policy with the views of Khuda Bakhsh about the transformation of book repositories into the centers for the spread of knowledge.Β Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° ΠΈΡΠΊΡΡΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠΌ. ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΈΠΌ.Β Π₯ΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠ°, ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠΉ Π² 1891Β Π³. Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΌΡΡΡΠ»ΡΠΌΠ°Π½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, Π°Π΄Π²ΠΎΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Ρ Π₯ΡΠ΄Π΅ ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΡ. Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ½Π° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ, ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠ»Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ°. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΉ (Π°ΡΠ°Π±ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, Π½Π° ΡΠ·ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΄Ρ). ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²Π·Π³Π»ΡΠ΄Ρ Π₯ΡΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ°ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ
ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ: ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΌ
The article describes the state policy of India aimed at the improvement of the role of libraries as centres of education, information and self-study. There are listed the largest public libraries - the national depository centres, receiving legal deposit, as well as libraries, administered by the Ministry of Culture of India. There is considered in detail the history, current status and work plans of the National Library of India in Kolkata, celebrating its 175th anniversary in 2016. There is characterized the structure of the network of public libraries of India at present, based on hierarchical model: state - district - block - village/panchayat. There is presented implementation of the project of Digital Library of India. There is described the plan of βThe National Mission on Librariesβ, approved by the President of India for modernization of the library system of the country, designed for 2015-2017 and aimed at formation of the integrated library information space, as well as its main components: creation of the National Virtual Library of India; development of network of model libraries; elaboration of the new standards.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ - Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ, Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π² Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ 175-Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ: ΡΡΠ°Ρ - ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ - Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊ - Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Ρ/ΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π¦ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π°ΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈΒ», ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° 2015-2017 Π³Π³. ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ: ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ; ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ; ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ; ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²
ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π½Ρ: ΠΎΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΌ
The article describes the state policy of India aimed at the improvement of the role of libraries as centres of education, information and self-study. There are listed the largest public libraries - the national depository centres, receiving legal deposit, as well as libraries, administered by the Ministry of Culture of India. There is considered in detail the history, current status and work plans of the National Library of India in Kolkata, celebrating its 175th anniversary in 2016. There is characterized the structure of the network of public libraries of India at present, based on hierarchical model: state - district - block - village/panchayat. There is presented implementation of the project of Digital Library of India. There is described the plan of βThe National Mission on Librariesβ, approved by the President of India for modernization of the library system of the country, designed for 2015-2017 and aimed at formation of the integrated library information space, as well as its main components: creation of the National Virtual Library of India; development of network of model libraries; elaboration of the new standards.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ - Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΊΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ, Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ Π² Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅, ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ 175-Π»Π΅ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² 2016 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΠ΅, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΈΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ: ΡΡΠ°Ρ - ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ³ - Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊ - Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Ρ/ΠΏΠ°Π½ΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π¦ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π°ΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈΒ», ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° 2015-2017 Π³Π³. ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ: ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ; ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ; ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ; ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²
ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΅ Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΎ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ (ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π¨Π°Π½ΡΠ΄ΡΠ½ Π² ΠΠΈΡΠ°Π΅)
The overview considers the results of sociological research of the organizational culture of the Shandong Provincial Library (Jinan), conducted by the Chinese experts in the framework of the target project of the National Social Science Foundation of China. The history and modern development of the institution, included in the top ten largest and oldest public libraries of the country, are described. Based on information from personal interviews with employees, there are characterized the attractiveness factors of the profession of librarian, the collective attitude towards the personnel policy of the library, to the fulfilment of job duties, working conditions and the management system. Much attention is paid to the external factors that affect the daily life of the Shandong librarians and form their perception of the organizational culture (social culture, traditional culture of the region, which is the birthplace of Confucianism, the mentality of the local population). There is made conclusion on the importance of such studies for the successful development of libraries.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠΈ Π¨Π°Π½ΡΠ΄ΡΠ½ (Π³. Π¦Π·ΠΈΠ½Π°Π½Ρ), ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π° ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠΊ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π² Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΊΡ ΠΊΡΡΠΏΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π»Π΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡ, ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠ»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ, ΠΊ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π½Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΡΡ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½Ρ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ΄ΡΠ½ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ (ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ°, ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ). ΠΠ΅Π»Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ.
ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ: Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ
The article examines the experience of the National Library of China (Beijing) on implementation of the National Digital Library Project. There is described the state policy of the Peopleβs Republic of China (PRC) on supporting digital library projects and informatization of the library sector, aimed at bridging the digital divide among the population, preservation and promotion of national book heritage, the growth of intellectual potential of the country and increase of its international prestige. The author considers the current state of the National Library of China, the results of its modernization, the projects included in the 13th Five-Year Plan for Economic and Social Development of the PRC (2016β2020). Special attention is paid to the website of the institution, which presents extensive information on the library life of the country. The role of the National Library of China as the initiator and manager of the National Digital Library Project is shown; the main stages of its implementation are revealed (βChinese Pilot Digital Library Projectβ, βChina Digital Library Programβ, βDigital Library Promotion Projectβ); the importance of the project in the formation of a single information and library space of the country is determined. The author describes the programs developed by the National Library of China for the implementation of a large-scale βDigital Library PromotionProjectβ, launched in 2011; the Project provides for the integration of digital resources of more than 3000 public libraries of provincial and municipal levels, ensuring the availability of these resources on the website of the institution from any public library of the country, via the Internet or mobile devices. It is emphasized that studying of the experience of the National Library of China can be relevant for our country and the national libraries involved in the creation of the National Digital Library of Russia.Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ (ΠΠΠ) ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΆΠ°. Π Π°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠΠ, ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ
Π΅Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² XIII ΠΏΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΠΠ (2016β2020). ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΠΠ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ; ΡΠ°ΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (Β«ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ° ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Β», Β«ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΡΒ», Β«ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΡΒ»), ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° Π² ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΠΠ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Π±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Β«ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΒ», ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π² 2011 Π³. ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ 3 ΡΡΡ. ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΌΡΠ½ΠΈΡΠΈΠΏΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ, ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π· ΠΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π΅Ρ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ±ΠΈΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΠΠΠ Π°ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΈ Π΅Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ, ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ
Π‘ΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ (XIX-XX Π²Π².)
This article is devoted to the formation and development of system of public libraries in India and their place in the educational, social, cultural and informational space of the country. The formation of the library system in India occurred during the complex colonial and post-colonial periods of its history. It took place in the conditions of underdevelopment, the uneven social, political and cultural development of the regions, ethnolinguistic disunity, and mass illiteracy of the population, dominating in the society of caste, religious and gender prejudices. The article demonstrates that public libraries in India, beginning with their appearance in the first half of the 19th century, had a special mission. They were considered not only as repositories of books, but, first of all, as centers of education, aimed to spread the knowledge, fight with ignorance by introducing to the reading, to raise the cultural and intellectual level of Indian society, thereby contributing to its prosperity. The article describes the main stages and directions of state policy of India in the field of librarianship from the early nineteenth to the late twentieth century, recounts the history of the founding of the National library, emphasized the role of Raja Rammohan Roy Library Foundation. In separate section there is considered the contribution to the library and information science of S.R. Ranganathan, the outstanding leader of Indian culture.Π‘ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π² ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΎΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ. Π€ΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΅Π΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ»ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ½Π³Π²ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π³ΠΎΡΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΠΎΠ·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π³Π΅Π½Π΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ². Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Ρ Ρ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½Π΅ XIX Π²., ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³, Π½ΠΎ, Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π±ΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π»Π»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π°, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ²ΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°ΠΏΡ ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π΅Π»Π° Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Π° XIX Π΄ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° XX Π²., ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π° ΠΈΠΌ. Π Π°Π΄ΠΆΠΈ Π Π°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΡ
Π°Π½Π° Π ΠΎΡ. Π ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΊΠ»Π°Π΄ Π² Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΊΡ Π²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π¨.Π . Π Π°Π½Π³Π°Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π½Π°
Typology of Innovative Development of AIRR-Regions (Association of Russian Innovative Regions)
The article describes typology of regions of AIRR based on factor and cluster analysis. The main purpose of typology in this study is seeking for opportunities to transform interregional differentiation from problem into an additional source of development of regions with different complementary models of innovation development. It highlights 4 main and 2 additional types (subtypes) of regions of AIRR: Type 1 βIndustrial innovation-active regionsβ (Subtype 1 βregions with developed medium-technological industriesβ and Subtype 2 βregions with developed high-technological industriesβ), Type 2 βIndustrial regions providing demand for innovations (βmarketβ), Type 3 βRegions with developed scientific-educational complexβ, Type 4 βMixed (catching-up)β. Peculiarities of different types of regions allow each region achieving an efficient innovative activity through complementarity of resources if each region fulfills its role, defined by type of innovative development. It makes actual the problem of development of mechanism of interregional innovation policy as one of the area of development of a synergistic approach in the state innovative policy
Π‘Π΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ: Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π²Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ²Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
The article discusses the policy of the Peopleβs Republic of China to expand, develop and modernize the network of rural libraries, introduce new standards of activity and innovative forms of work aimed at equalizing the imbalance between the city and village by increasing the cultural and educational level and overcoming the information poverty of local residents. The author characterizes the government programs of the Peopleβs Republic of China in this area, adopted over the past two decades: βCultural Information Resource Sharing Projectβ (2002), βComprehensive Cultural Station Construction Projectβ (2006), βFarmerβs Reading Rooms Projectβ (2007), βWorking Opinions on the Promotion of the National Art Gallery, Public Library, Cultural Centres and Stations Free to Allβ (2011), βPublic Electronic Reading Room Construction Planβ (2012), βSupport Plan for Libraries in Poor Areasβ (2014), as well as the βPlan for Modernizing the System of Providing Public Services in the Sphere of Cultureβ and the βNational Program for Promoting Readingβ for 2015β2020. The article considers the structure of the library network in rural regions of China and the functions of its structural units, financing and human resources of rural libraries, the organization of stationary and extension library services, the requirements for premises, collections, technical equipment and the provision of remote access to information sources. Special attention is paid to the implementation of programs in rural regions of the country to promote digital reading and connect libraries to the services of the National Digital Library (under the guidance of the National Library of China). The article outlines the main problems existing in rural libraries of the Peopleβs Republic of China, and the ways of their solution proposed by Chinese specialists. The author emphasizes that the Chinese experience may be of interest to Russia, taking into account the challenges facing our country in sustainable development of rural areas, which is not feasible without improving the standard of living of the rural population and providing it with high-quality educational, cultural and information services.Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ, Π²Π½Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Π°Ρ Π½Π° Π²ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΈΡΠ±Π°Π»Π°Π½ΡΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π²Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎ-ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΆΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΠΠΠ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ Π·Π° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π²Π° Π΄Π΅ΡΡΡΠΈΠ»Π΅ΡΠΈΡ: Β«ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡΒ» (2002), Β«ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ²/ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡΒ» (2006), Β«ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»Π΅Π½Β» (2007), Β«ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° Π±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡΒ» (2011), Β«ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π»ΠΎΠ²Β» (2012), Β«ΠΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ Π² Π±Π΅Π΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΠΉΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
Β» (2014), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Β«ΠΠ»Π°Π½ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡΒ» ΠΈ Β«ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΒ» Π½Π° 2015β2020 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π΅Π΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°Π΄ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ, ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌ, ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌ, ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ° ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Ρ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΊ ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³Π°ΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ (ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ). ΠΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΠΠΠ , ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠΏΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΉ, Π½Π΅ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΌΡ Π±Π΅Π· ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΅ΠΌΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
, ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΡΠ³
ΠΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ ΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ Π² Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ
The purpose of the article is to summarize the information on the state of collections of ancient and rare books in the library institutions of the Peopleβs Republic of China (PRC) by the beginning of the 21st century, to consider the content and the course of implementation of the state programs of the PRC in the field of registration, cataloguing, conservation, restoration, preservation and promotion of the national book heritage monuments. The author presents definitions of the terms βAncient booksβ and βRare booksβ used in China. All manuscript books and printed publications created before 1912 are considered Ancient books. Rare books include all books dated back to the period before 1795 and editions published in 1796β1912 that have outstanding historical, cultural, art and aesthetic value, as well as publishing products and documents from the period of the Republic of China (1912β1949). Chinese publications often use the term βRare ancient booksβ, which refers to all manuscript books and printed publications before 1795. There are about 27 million 175 thousand copies of ancient books in the countryβs libraries, including 2,5 million books created before 1795; and about 45 thousand ancient books have been preserved in a single copy.The article focuses on the programs developed with the participation of the National Library of China (NLC) and approved by the PRC Government in 2007β2018. The author reveals the main provisions of the βNational Plan for Preservation of Ancient Booksβ (2007), as well as the powers and tasks of the National Centre for Conservation and Preservation of Ancient Chinese Books (NC), which has become the lead agency responsible for the implementation of the Plan. The paper considers the system of regional and local centres for the conservation and restoration of ancient and rare books, headed by the NC, that has developed in the PRC at present, shows the role of these centres in the field of identification, registration and cataloguing of book heritage monuments, in the creation and maintenance of a normative storage regime in old library buildings, ensuring the activities of restoration workshops, digitization of documents, preparation and online publication of full-text databases of ancient and rare books. The article emphasizes the importance of the National Museum of Classical Books, opened in July 2014 at the NLC, for promoting the national book heritage.The author notes that the priority task for the coming years is the construction of three new buildings of the National Book Depository in Beijing and ChΓ©ngdΓ© (Hebei Province). The article concludes that over the past ten years, owing to the government support and targeted funding, China has managed to organize systematic activities in the field of conservation, preservation and promotion of the national book heritage.Π Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈ β ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ½Π΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π² Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΠ°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (ΠΠΠ ) ΠΊ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»Ρ XXI Π².; ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄Ρ ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π² ΠΠΠ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ² Β«Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΒ» ΠΈ Β«ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΒ». Π Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π°ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎ 1912 Π³.; ΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³Π°ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ, Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎ 1795 Π³., ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π²ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² 1796β1912 Π³Π³., ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ, ΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡ, Ρ
ΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ-ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π Π΅ΡΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΈ (1912β1949). Π§Π°ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π±Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ β Β«ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈΒ», ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π²ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΎ 1795 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°. Π Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Ρ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 27 ΠΌΠ»Π½ 175 ΡΡΡ. ΡΠΊΠ·. Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ 2,5 ΠΌΠ»Π½ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³, ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎ 1795 Π³., ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 45 ΡΡΡ. Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΡΡ Π² Π΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΊΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠ΅.ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΡ, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈ ΠΠΈΡΠ°Ρ (ΠΠΠ) ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠΠ Π² 2007β2018 Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°Ρ
. Π Π°ΡΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ (2007), Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ°ΠΉΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ (ΠΠ¦), ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌ Π·Π° ΡΠ΅Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π°. Π₯Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠΈΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π² Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Π² ΠΠΠ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎ Π³Π»Π°Π²Π΅ Ρ ΠΠ¦. ΠΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π° ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ², Π² ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠΈΠΌΠ° Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ
Π·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π±ΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊ, ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ
, ΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π»Π°ΠΉΠ½-ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
Π±Π°Π· Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΡΠ·Π΅Ρ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠ³ΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ 2014 Π³. Π² ΠΠΠ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄Ρ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π° Π±Π»ΠΈΠΆΠ°ΠΉΡΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ»ΠΈΡΠ° Π² ΠΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ ΠΈ Π§ΡΠ½Π΄Ρ (ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΈΡ Π₯ΡΠ±ΡΠΉ). ΠΠ΅Π»Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΡ
10 Π»Π΅Ρ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΠ½Π°Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΠΠ ΡΠ΄Π°Π»ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΏΠ°Π³Π°Π½Π΄Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡ
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