Opting for Migration: Is it Just an Economic Necessity?–A Comparison between German and Polish Highly Skilled Graduates

This paper deals with the migration motives of German and Polish final semester students and university graduates in the partner cities of Bielefeld (GER) and Rzeszów (PL), who are on the threshold of their professional careers. The survey presented here was motivated by the question: are the current migration motives of highly-skilled graduates still economically driven or have migration motives changed due to the increasing education level of migrants and new migration patterns, and will be described in this article. The survey provides insights into emigration destinations favoured by graduates from the two cities. In addition, the importance of informal networks for a migration-related job search was analysed. The survey’s accomplished results contribute, at a micro-level, to the broad literature and to migration theories at macro and meso-level. In times of high (youth) unemployment in several European regions as well as skills shortages and demand for highly-skilled workers in other European regions, new approaches on migration motives are required. The content of this study can help destination countries and regions reflect on their attraction strategy for highly-skilled workers and set new incentives based on an individual view

4-year experience with percutaneous US-guided radiofrequency ablation of kidney tumors

Background: The past decades have significantly changed the diagnosis and management of kidney tumors. There is a growing trend for a less invasive therapeutic approach. The study seeks to present our experience with a number of patients who underwent percutaneous ultrasound (US)-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of renal masses. Material/Methods: From July 2002 to December 2006, RFA was carried out in 55 selected patients with an enhancing kidney tumor on computed tomography (CT). The procedure was performed under conscious sedation. The patients were at risk for surgery or had a remaining kidney. Monopolar Cool-tip Tyco or bipolar Celon Olympus RFA devices under US-guidance (convex 3.5 MHz) were used. Abdominal 3-phase multi-slice computed tomography (MSCT) was performed 3, 6 and 12 months post RFA and once yearly thereafter. Results: At a mean follow up of 25 months (range, 6-53 months), 52 of the 55 tumors showed no contrast enhancement on CT. Three incompletely ablated tumors were successfully treated with the second RFA. There were no major complications in any procedure and intervention was well tolerated. So far we have observed one metastasis to a homolateral adrenal gland which was revealed on MSCT. Conclusions: Percutaneous RFA is a minimally invasive technique which appears to be a promising alternative for patients with small renal tumors. 3-phase MSCT improves the imaging of renal masses, enabling not only optimal treatment planning but also a reliable monitoring of tumor destruction after RFA

TOURIST FUNCTION DEVELOPMENT IN EU COUNTRIES: MEASUREMENT AND STATISTICAL EVALUATION

Iako su zemlje Europske unije (EU) među najvažnijim turističkim destinacijama na svijetu, njihov je razvoj funkcije turizma različit. Stoga nam se čini interesantnim usporediti razinu razvoja funkcije turizma u zemljama EU-a. U ovom se članku pokušava odrediti vrijednost sintetičke mjere razina razvoja funkcije turizma zemalja EU-a, uzimajući u obzir osam najčešće korištenih indikatora. U istraživanju se koristila Mjera opće udaljenosti (MOU) prema M. Walesiaku gdje je normalizacija varijabli provedena za razdoblje od 2007. do 2016. godine korištenjem formule temeljene na medijanu. Empirijsko istraživanje provedeno je za prosječne podatke i vremenske nizove, što je omogućilo usporedbu promjena u vremenskoj dimenziji analiziranih pojava. Na osnovu rezultata autori su rangirali zemlje EU-a prema stupnjevima razvoja funkcije turizma i klasifi cirali ih u tri skupine. Prema razini razvoja 2016. godine vodila je Malta. Srednje visok stupanj razvoja funkcije turizma zabilježen je u skupini zapadno-europskih zemalja dok su na srednje niskom stupnju razvoja bile srednjoeuropske i skandinavske zemlje te neke u Zapadnoj Europi. Dobiveni bi rezultati mogli poslužiti kao osnova za ispravnije upravljanje turizmom u zemljama EU-a i kompetentnije odlučivanje o alokaciji europskih sredstava.European Union countries are the most signifi cant tourist destinations around the world. However, the level of development of tourist function is not the same in all European Union countries. It seems interesting to compare the level of tourist function development of European Union countries. The article attempts to determine the value of the synthetic measure of levels of development of the tourist function of European Union countries, taking into consideration the eight most frequently utilised indicators. The study applies M. Walesiak’s General Distance Measure (GDM), where the normalisation of variables was undertaken during 2007-2016 with the application of a median-based formula. The empirical research was conducted, using the dynamic approach (for cross-sectional and tidal data) thus, enabling the comparison of changes observed in the analysed phenomenon tidally. The research findings enabled the authors to rank EU countries in terms of their tourist function development levels and to classify them into three groups. In 2016, the leader regarding the level of development of tourist function was Malta. The majority of Western European countries have medium-high levels of development of in tourist function, whereas the group of countries with medium-low levels included countries from East-Central Europe, Scandinavian countries and several Western Europe countries. The obtained results can lay the foundation for the proper management of tourism in EU countries and for proper decision-making regarding the allocation of EU funds

Zastosowanie portów naczyniowych u chorych onkologicznych

Introduction: Venous ports provide a permanent, long-lasting and easy access to the central veins. These subcutaneously inserted systems have found application in the therapy of patients with oncological and chronic illnesses, and in treatment of children with hemophilia. During a planned continuous infusion of chemotherapy they increase patient comfort, reducing the risk of local inflammatory states and moderating the risk of spilling the cytostatic agent to the perivesical compartment. Material and methods: 83 patients with venous subcutaneous ports implanted between July 2006 and November 2011 were included into the study. The methods of implantation and usage were presented. Length of time the port is in situ and occurrence of early and late complications was evaluated. Results: The longest indwelling time for port was 1484 days, while the shortest was 70 days. In 89.9% of cases, the correct position of the port’s tip was noted during a control X-ray performed after the implantation. Early complications were not observed, while late ones concerned 16.86% of patients and included: generalized bacteriemia (8.43%), local inflammation of the skin and of the subcutaneous tissue (1.2%), venous thrombosis (2.41%), migration of the catheter (1.2%), necrosis of the skin over the port’s chamber (2.41%). Conclusion: Venous ports play an important role in the treatment of cancer patients. The placement of venous ports is a safe procedure that has a low rate of early complications. The frequency of late complications correlates with that described in the literature

Protokół terapeutyczny w dokumentowaniu procesu napromieniania pacjentów w zakładzie radioterapii

SummaryA decision to start radiotherapy should be based on at least two documents:1.Written standards of obligatory clinical procedures which are in fact radiotherapeutic schemes.2.Therapeutic protocols describing all mandatory procedures performed to ensure a safe and proper treatment of the patient.The range of activities described in the therapeutic protocol is very wide.It includes all initial procedures implemented in the simulation room, the CT scanner, in the treatment planning system and the mould- room, and it describes the verification process of the treatment plan, mandatory to start radiotherapy.The therapeutic protocol describes in details what and how should be checked by an internal control system and it qualifies the demands required to sum up the treatment and its’ accordance with the planned radiotherapy scheme.All the activities performed are recorded in a QA protocol, which is an integral part of the therapeutic protocol.In this paper we present the therapeutic protocol in force in the Regional Oncological Hospital in Szczecin and the QA and in-vivo protocols, which assure safe radiotherapy of the patient

A radiotherapy protocol to document the process of irradiation of patients at the radiotherapy department

A decision to start radiotherapy should be based on at least two documents:1.Written standards of obligatory clinical procedures which are in fact radiotherapeutic schemes.2.Therapeutic protocols describing all mandatory procedures performed to ensure a safe and proper treatment of the patient.The range of activities described in the therapeutic protocol is very wide.It includes all initial procedures implemented in the simulation room, the CT scanner, in the treatment planning system and the mould- room, and it describes the verification process of the treatment plan, mandatory to start radiotherapy.The therapeutic protocol describes in details what and how should be checked by an internal control system and it qualifies the demands required to sum up the treatment and its’ accordance with the planned radiotherapy scheme.All the activities performed are recorded in a QA protocol, which is an integral part of the therapeutic protocol.In this paper we present the therapeutic protocol in force in the Regional Oncological Hospital in Szczecin and the QA and in-vivo protocols, which assure safe radiotherapy of the patient

Rzeszowski i Krakowski Obszar Metropolitalny

Z wprowadzenia: "Problematyka metropolii i obszaru metropolitalnego od początku XX wieku, (R. Blanchard, N. S. B. Gras) stała się przedmiotem badań i wywodzi się od koncepcji gospodarczej dominacji metropolii oraz teorii regionu miejskiego. „Tkwiące w tych kierunkach [badawczych - ZM] wątki funkcjonalny i morfologiczny zostały powiązane przez R. McKenzie w jego koncepcji społeczności metropolitalnej (metropolitan community), z której powstała teoria obszaru metropolitalnego". Od końca XX wieku problematyka ta okazała się filarem kształtowania się ładu przestrzennego w wielu rozwiniętych krajach. Szczególnie w strukturach przestrzennych krajów europejskich i w Stanach Zjednoczonych metropolie i obszary metropolitalne postrzegane są jako główne centra wzrostu regionalnego, w których skupione zostały wiodące ośrodki wiedzy, nauki, innowacji i kultury. Centra te są motorem rozwoju; mobilizują one pozostałe obszary w kierunku nowoczesnej europejskiej gospodarki opartej na wiedzy. Od rozpoczęcia procesu integracji polskiej gospodarki z nowoczesnymi strukturami zachodnioeuropejskimi, polskie regiony dostosowują się do standardów europejskich. Należy przyjąć, że od ostatniej dekady XX wieku rozpoczął się proces metropolizacji polskiej przestrzeni, a proces ten jest silnie powiązany z praktyką planowania przestrzennego, o czym zdecydował ustawodawca w 2003 r., wprowadzając „przepisy nakazujące sporządzanie planów dla obszarów obejmujących największe miasta Polski wraz z ich bezpośrednim otoczeniem, nazwanych obszarami metropolitalnymi". Awans cywilizacyjny regionów Polski związany jest z rozwojem metropolii i obszarów metropolitalnych. Jak podaje E. Malisiewicz - metropolie są światłami świata, głównymi centrami wiedzy, kreacji i innowacji."(...

POLISH EMPLOYEES IN GERMANY IN THE LIGHT OF DUAL LABOUR MARKET THEORY

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest uchwycenie przemian zachodzących na przełomie XX i XXI wieku w zatrudnieniu Polaków na pierwotnym lub wtórnym rynku pracy poza granicami kraju. Analizę przeprowadzono w świetle teorii dualnego rynku pracy (w jej części wyjaśniającej zjawiska migracyjne) na przykładzie polskich pracowników podejmujących zatrudnienie w Niemczech – jednym z głównych krajów docelowych polskich emigrantów, a jej podstawą stały się dane zastane polskich i niemieckich instytucji prowadzących badania rynku pracy oraz badania i obserwacje własne autorki. Tło statystyczne analizy struktury zatrudnienia Polaków w Niemczech według segmentów ich zatrudnienia stanowi krótka charakterystyka skali i kierunków czasowej zagranicznej emigracji z Polski w latach 2004-2015.The aim of the study is to indicate the changes on the turn of the 20th and the 21st century in the field of Poles being employees in a foreign primary or secondary labour market. The study of the undertaken issue was carried out in the light of dual labour market theory (taking into consideration the part that explains the migration phenomenon). The case of this point is Polish workers taking up their employment in Germany (one of the main target countries of Polish emigrants). The analysis is based on the data from both Polish and German institutions which conduct labour market research and on author’s research and observations. The statistical background (for structure of the employment of Poles in Germany, according to their employment segments) is a brief description of the scale and directions of the temporary foreign emigration from Poland in the years 2004-2015

Start of Professional Career of University Graduates in the Conditions of Crawling Crisis in Germany and Poland

Celem opracowania jest ukazanie sytuacji na rynku pracy jednej z grup zagrożonych bezro-bociem, mianowicie absolwentów szkół wyższych w Polsce i Niemczech, w okresie pełzającego kryzysu. Wybór krajów podyktowany został wyraźnymi różnicami występującymi na polskim i niemieckim rynku pracy, w szczególności w zakresie poziomu bezrobocia oraz funkcjonowania rynków. Ze względu na szybkie zmiany zachodzące na rynku pracy niezbędne staje się systema-tyczne badanie trendów i zjawisk występujących na rynku pracy, analiza ich cech i prawidłowości oraz wyszukiwanie informacji stanowiących podstawę do podejmowania działań umożliwiających absolwentom szkół wyższych płynne przejście z systemu edukacji do życia zawodowego. W części pierwszej opracowania scharakteryzowano rynek pracy w Niemczech i Polsce na tle ogólnej sytuacji gospodarczej w obu krajach w latach 2008–2012. Następnie przedstawiono wybrane tendencje i zjawi-ska w obszarze startu zawodowego absolwentów szkół wyższych w Niemczech i Polsce w latach 2010–2012. Całość kończy syntetyczne podsumowanie przeprowadzonych rozważań.The aim of the study is to present situation on a labour market of one of the groups at risk of unemployment, namely: the university graduates in Poland and Germany, in a period of crawling crisis. Selection of the countries was made basing on distinct differences between Polish and German labour markets, especially considering level of unemployment and functioning of the markets. Because of the fast changes on a labour market it is necessary to systematically research trends and phenomena on a labour market, analyse their features and rules and search forthe information which constitute a base to actions that enable the university graduates to fluently come from system of education to professional life. In the first part of the study labour market in Germany and Poland was characterised in the background of general economic situation in the countries in a period 2008–2012. Then, some chosen tendencies and phenomena connected with the professional life start of the university graduates in Germany and Poland in years 2010–2012 were presented. The study is shortly summarised in the final part