Evaluation of Trace Element Levels and Antioxidant Metabolism in Cattle with Cutaneous Papillomatosis

Background: Cutaneous papillomas are benign proliferative neoplasms. The aetiology and pathogenesis of the disease are very complex. Papillomatosis lesions can be detected anywhere on the body, frequently appearing on the surface of the head, neck, teats, udder, external genital mucosa and upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. The disease is not life threatening but due to loss of productivity, owners often cull animals with papillomatosis. The relationships between trace elements, heavy metals and cancer are still researching. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the relationships between trace elements and antioxidant metabolism, and cutaneous papillomatosis, in cattle.Materials, Methods & Results: Eleven cattle with cutaneous papillomatosis and 10 healthy cattle constituted the study group and control group, respectively. Clinical examinations were performed on all animals. Blood samples were collected and Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Se, Zn, As, B, Ni, Si and Co levels were determined. The analyses were conducted with an inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrophotometer. In addition, catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA) and ceruloplasmin (Cp) concentrations were measured. The Ni, Si and MDA levels of the study group were significantly higher than those of the control group (P < 0.05) but the Se levels of the study group were significantly lower than in the control group (P < 0.05). The normality of the data was determined with the Shapiro-Wilk Test and the Independent Samples t-Test or Mann-Whitney U test was used for statistical comparison of the groups.Discussion: Trace elements are essential components of biological systems. The levels of trace elements, such as Cu, Co, I, Se, Zn and Mn, which are affected by grazing activity, influence ruminants’ reproductive performance and other production parameters. The elements Al, As, Cr, Ni and Sn are also presumed to be essential for ruminant metabolism, although sufficient research data are not available. In the present study, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, As, B and Co levels were not significantly different between the papilloma and control groups. Se is an important trace element for skin health. This study revealed a mean serum Se level in animals with papillomatosis that was significantly lower than in the healthy group. Although the mode of anticancer activity of Se is not clear, some factors, such as antioxidant protection, improved immune system surveillance, carcinogen detoxification, modulation of cell proliferation and inhibition of tumour cell invasion and angiogenesis, are important. Ni is classified as a toxic heavy metal. In addition, it could be carcinogenic to humans. Ni level was two times higher in the papillomatosis group than in the healthy animals, in the present study. This result may indicate that Ni has a role in the genesis of papillomatosis in cattle. Si injection can cause inflammation, granulomas and cancer. There are few reports about Si levels in animals and the significant difference in the Si levels in cattle with cutaneous papillomatosis reported in this study may be a new indicator for the disease. The skin contains antioxidant molecules that include GSH, alpha-tocopherol or vitamin E, ascorbic acid or vitamin C, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs), superoxide dismutases (SODs), CAT and quinine reductase. There is strong interaction between ROS and/or their oxidant products and antioxidant molecules in the skin. In this study, although MDA levels were higher in the study group than in the control group, there was no significant difference between the groups in their CAT levels, and also in the GSH and CP levels. In conclusion, these results may evidence the systemic effects of papillomatosis on trace element levels and on oxidant metabolism in cattle

The Effect of Heavy Metals and Trace Elements in the Meconium on Preterm Delivery of Unknown Etiology

Objective: Prematurity is an important etiologic factor for perinatal mortality and morbidity. In our country, preterm births and complications of prematurity account for 26% of perinatal mortality. There are many maternal, fetal or placental, genetic and environmental etiologic factors that cause prematurity. There have been no studies to show an association between preterm delivery of unknown etiology and exposure to heavy metals and trace elements at toxic levels in meconium. The purpose of this study is to measure the levels of heavy metals (lead, cadmium) and trace elements (zinc, iron, copper) in meconium samples and to understand their associations with preterm delivery of unknown etiology. Material and Methods: The levels of heavy metals and trace elements in the meconiums of 810 term or preterm infants with known and unknown etiology for being preterm were measured with a flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results: Lead and cadmium were detected in all meconium samples. Heavy metal and trace element levels in meconium were significantly higher in preterms of unknown and known etiology for being preterm compared to term infants (for all p<0.0001). Lead levels in meconium were significantly higher in preterm of unknown etiology compared to preterm of known etiology in posthoc analysis with Bonferroni corrected Mann Whitney U test. Conclusion: These results may suggest that lead levels in meconium samples are higher in preterm newborns especially with unknown etiology compared to term newborns. Therefore, we suggest that preterm delivery of unknown etiology may be decreased by decreasing air pollution

Mineral element and heavy metal (cadmium, lead and arsenic) levels of bee pollen in Turkey

In this study, mineral element and heavy metal levels in bee pollen produced in various regions of Turkey (20 samples) and imported bee pollen (4 samples), were determined using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES) device. Mineral and heavy metal levels of bee pollens produced in Turkey were determined to be within the following ranges (minimum-maximum, mu g/g(pollen)); Cr (chromium): 0.124-1.595, Cu (copper): 3.728-14.994, Fe (iron): 28.603-725.360, Mg (magnesium): 271.107-1278.340, Mn (manganese): 8.151-201.036, Se (selenium): 0.593-5.085, Zn (zinc): 14.832-39.079, B (boron): 0.592-61.33, Ni (nickel): 0.002-1.761, Si (silicon): 0.082-10.500, K (potassium): 992.107-2894.154, Ca (calcium): 491.853-1472.102, P (phosphorus): 795.899-5246.992 and Cd (cadmium): 0.006-0.181, Pb (lead): 0.000-0.479, As (arsenic): 0.006-1.035. As a result of this study, it can be concluded that bee pollens produced in Turkey may be a good source of mineral regarding the trace elements Se, Mn, Fe, Cr and Cu

Examination of metal mobilization from a gunshot by scanning acoustic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy: a case report

Abstract Background Projectile foreign bodies are known to cause chronic heavy metal toxicity due to the release of metal into the bloodstream. However, the local effect around the metallic object has not been investigated and the main goal of our study is to examine the influence of the object in close proximity of the object. Case presentation A 36-year-old Caucasian woman with one metallic pellet close to her sciatic nerve due to a previous shotgun injury at the gluteal area presented with a diagnosis of recurrent lumbar disk herniation at L4–5 level. A physical examination confirmed chronic neuropathy and she underwent a two-stage surgery. The surgery included removal of the foreign body, followed by discectomy and fusion at the involved level. During the removal of the metallic foreign body, a tissue sample around the pellet and another tissue sample from a remote area were obtained. The samples were analyzed by scanning acoustic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Lead, chromium, copper, cadmium, iron, manganese, selenium, and zinc elements in tissue, blood, and serum specimens were detected by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy. Conclusions An acoustic impedance map of the tissue closer to the metallic body showed higher values indicating further accumulation of elements. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy results confirmed scanning acoustic microscopy results by measuring a higher concentration of elements closer to the metallic body. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that original structure was not disturbed far away; however, deformation of the structure existed in the tissue closer to the foreign body. Element analysis showed that element levels within blood and serum were more or less within acceptable ranges; on the other hand, element levels within the tissues showed pronounced differences indicating primarily lead intoxication in the proximity of the metallic body. We can state that residues of metallic foreign bodies of gunshot injuries cause chronic metal infiltration to the surrounding tissue and induce significant damage to nearby neural elements; this is supported by the results of scanning acoustic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy

Evaluation of the Relationship of Blood Heavy Metal, Trace Element Levels and Antioxidative Metabolism in Cattle Which Are Living Near The Trunk Roads

In this study, detection of a possible relationship of some trace element levels of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and iron (Fe), toxic heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), and antioxidant functions in cattle, which are living near the trunk roads for at least 3 years, was aimed. Totally, 70 cattle, which were in different herds, were used. Fifty-four cattle (3-13 years), which were living near the trunk roads at about 0-500 m were used for the experiment group. Also, 16 cattle (3-12 years), which were living far from trunk roads at about 2-3 km were used for the control groups. Blood samples were collected and Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn, Fe levels, lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidative defense system indicators, erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, catalase (CAT) activity, and plasma ceruloplasmin (CP) level were measured. Cd and Pb levels of the experimental animals were determined to be higher than the control group (P<0.01 and P<0.001, respectively). However, Zn level of the experiment group was found lower than the control animals (P<0.001). MDA increased about three times and CP increased about two times more than the control group (P<0.001). Significantly correlations were observed among Pb, MDA and CP levels. Also, important correlations were found between Fe and CP, also Cu and MDA levels. Besides, MDA and CAT levels of the animals increased with CP and SOD together, respectively. At the end of the study, Cd and Pb accumulation was observed in cattle, which were living near the road with intensive traffic for at least three years when compared with the control group. In addition, the results showed significant interactions among toxic heavy metals, physiological trace elements, enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants and the lipid peroxidation

LEVELS OF ARSENIC, BORON, NICKEL, SILICIUM, CADMIUM, LEAD AND ALUMINIUM IN CATTLE (LIVER) AND CHICKEN (LIVER AND HEART) OFFALS RETAILED IN TURKEY

The presented study was conducted in an attempt to assess the levels of essential heavy metals (nickel), non-essential heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead and aluminium) and trace elements (boron and silicium) in calf (liver) and chicken (liver and heart) offal collected from butchers and miscellaneous sales points in Istanbul, Turkey. Heavy metals and trace elements were determined by means of standard method of Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectrometry (ICP-OES). A total of 42 samples consisting of 19 calf livers, 12 chicken livers and 11 chicken hearts were analyzed. Mean element levels (mu g/g wet weight) in calf livers, chicken livers and chicken hearts, respectively were as follows: Arsenic (As): 0.315 +/- 0.228, 0.217 +/- 0.159, 0.287 +/- 0.152; Boron (B): 109.274 +/- 51.688, 84.610 +/- 29.616, 85.389 +/- 24.623; Nickel (Ni): 1.415 +/- 0.735, 1.095 +/- 0.471, 1.126 +/- 0.392; Silicium (Si): 9.057 +/- 6.148, 4.900 +/- 2.135, 5.228 +/- 2.546; Cadmium (Cd): 0.053 +/- 0.039, 0.018 +/- 0.007, 0.013 +/- 0.004; Lead (Pb): 0.113 +/- 0.083, 0.038 +/- 0.027, 0.061 +/- 0.045; Aluminium (Al): 8.11 +/- 6.176, 4.090 +/- 1.470, 4.907 +/- 1.606. Calf livers were found to have the highest values in terms of mean element concentrations. Minimum and maximum levels (mu g/g wet weight) of the elements assessed in all sample groups were as follows: Arsenic: 0.000-0.720; Boron: 22.532-230.887; Nickel: 0.068-2.896; Silicium: 0.000-25.119; Cadmium: 0.006-0.156; Lead: 0.000-0.296; Aluminium: 1.262-28.136. According to the findings, it was concluded that lead and cadmium levels in calf and chicken edible offal did not exceed the maximum permissible limits established in Turkish Food Codex

Evaluation of tear and serum trace elements (copper, selenium, and cobalt) in sheep

Metabolic diseases such as enzootic ataxia, white muscle disease, and white liver disease are among the most important problems of livestock for sheep. The aim of this study was to analyze whether tears can be used as an alternative diagnostic method in determination of diseases that result from lack or excess of copper, selenium, and cobalt. Samples of serum and tears taken from 45 healthy sheep of the Kivircik breed aged between 2 and 4 years were analyzed. The concentrations of copper, selenium, and cobalt were measured in serum and tears as 118.0 + 36.0, 58.0 + 15.0, and 0.5 + 0.3 mu g/dL and 16.0 + 8.0, 7.0 + 4.0, and 2.0 + 1.0 mu g/dL, respectively, by using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry. The concentrations of copper and selenium in serum samples were significantly higher than those of tear samples (P < 0.001). However, cobalt concentrations in serum were found to be lower than those in tears (P < 0.001). As a result, the authors suggest that determining cobalt concentrations in tears may be a valuable alternative diagnostic method in the diagnosis of metabolic diseases of sheep, rather than determining the copper and selenium concentrations, which might not be as reliable

Evaluation of Trace Element Levels and Antioxidant Metabolism in Cattle with Cutaneous Papillomatosis

Background: Cutaneous papillomas are benign proliferative neoplasms. The aetiology and pathogenesis of the disease are very complex. Papillomatosis lesions can be detected anywhere on the body, frequently appearing on the surface of the head, neck, teats, udder, external genital mucosa and upper part of the gastrointestinal tract. The disease is not life threatening but due to loss of productivity, owners often cull animals with papillomatosis. The relationships between trace elements, heavy metals and cancer are still researching. The aim of this study was the evaluation of the relationships between trace elements and antioxidant metabolism, and cutaneous papillomatosis, in cattle

A disseminated cutaneous plasmacytoma case in a dog

A 5-year-old mixed-breed dog presenting with diffuse lesions was diagnosed with cutaneous plasmacytoma. Sites where tumors occurred most often involved the skin of the facial areas, as well as that of the shoulder, neck, and back of the body. No systemic findings were present in spite of a significant enlargement of the lesions. The tumors varied in diameter, the largest being 5-10 cm. Tissue samples obtained from tumoral masses were fixed in 10% formalin, processed routinely, embedded in paraffin, cut into sections of 4-5 mu m, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. To determine the nature of the tumoral cells, kappa and lambda light chain antibodies were applied to the paraffin sections immunohistochemically. The tumor was diagnosed as cutaneous plasmacytoma according to its morphological and microscopical properties. Tumor cells displayed features of asynchronous plasmacytoma. The patient was cured by medical treatment. The disease and the chemotherapy procedure ended with a favorable prognosis and are discussed here due to the rarity of such cases

A disseminated cutaneous plasmacytoma case in a dog

A 5-year-old mixed-breed dog presenting with diffuse lesions was diagnosed with cutaneous plasmacytoma. Sites where tumors occurred most often involved the skin of the facial areas, as well as that of the shoulder, neck, and back of the body. No systemic findings were present in spite of a significant enlargement of the lesions. The tumors varied in diameter, the largest being 5-10 cm. Tissue samples obtained from tumoral masses were fixed in 10% formalin, processed routinely, embedded in paraffin, cut into sections of 4-5 mu m, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. To determine the nature of the tumoral cells, kappa and lambda light chain antibodies were applied to the paraffin sections immunohistochemically. The tumor was diagnosed as cutaneous plasmacytoma according to its morphological and microscopical properties. Tumor cells displayed features of asynchronous plasmacytoma. The patient was cured by medical treatment. The disease and the chemotherapy procedure ended with a favorable prognosis and are discussed here due to the rarity of such cases