Static models of the Grabownica oil and gas field

Using archival data from mapping, stratigraphy from 40 wells and resistivity and spontaneous potential logs, as well as porosity and clay content curves, the authors constructed structural-parametric models of the Grabownica Fold. On this basis, a discrete "pseudo-facies model" was developed. The modeling was exemplified by the 3D model that images the western closure of the fold. Some methodological aspects of the modeling and the reliability of results were discussed

Environmental changes during Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Kuyavia Lakeland, Central Poland

Funding Information: The field research was carried out as part of the project “Settlement of the Funnel Beaker Culture in the Wietrzychowice Cultural Park”, thanks to the funds of the Professor Konrad Jażdżewski Foundation for Archaeological Research and the County Labor Office - “Exploreres” program. Thanks are also due to Mrs. B. Lewandowska and Mr. A. Myrta for their invaluable help during the field works of Śmieły site, and to Kacper Świerk for his help in Chironomidae subfossils analysis. Publisher Copyright: © 2021 Elsevier Ltd and INQUAThe Wietrzychowice Cultural Park protects one of the last preserved megalithic barrows constructed by the Funnel Beaker Culture societies at the Kuyavia Lakeland (Central Poland). The nearby archaeological site at Śmieły located on the shore of Karaśnia Lake provided numerous Mesolithic and Neolithic remains such as flint artefacts, potsherds, arrowheads, and mammal bones with traces of human processing. The lake and peat sediments at the Śmieły site provided a unique opportunity to investigate man-environment relationships during the transition period from Mesolithic to Neolithic. The age-depth model for the deposits was based on five radiocarbon dates as well as archaeological artefacts. The multi-proxy study, including geochemistry, pollen, plant macrofossils, Mollusca, Cladocera and Chironomidae analyses, were conducted to recognize palaeoenvironmental changes between 7500 and 3500 BCE. Combining environmental and archaeological data, we attempt to distinguish between natural phenomena triggered by climate factors with those induced by human activity. The data indicated hydrological changes associated with natural factors: (1) the phase of aquatic ecosystem since 7500 to 5800 BCE, (2) the phase of water shallowing between 5800 and 4600 BCE, and (3) the development of alder fen in the lake shore zone since ca. 4600 BCE. Vegetation changes suggest early landscape transformations in Central Poland already due to the activity of Mesolithic societies. Fossil pollen and plant macroremains data combined with detailed map of modern soil distribution in the area allowed to identify pattern of vegetation distribution around the Mesolithic campsite. Neolithic discontinuity of habitation process between ca. 4600 and 4000 BCE (in the times of Brześć Kujawski Group of Lendyel Culture) can be associated with climate change resulting in Karaśnia Lake level lowering.Peer reviewe

Evolution of the Miocene deposits of the Carpathian Foredeep in the vicinity of Rzeszów (the Sokołów-Smolarzyny 3D seismic survey area)

The Miocene Carpathian foredeep basin in Poland (CFB) developed in front of the Outer Carpathian fold-and-thrust belt, at the junction of the East European craton and the Palaeozoic platform. 3D seismic data, cores and well logs from Sokołów area (vicinity of Rzeszów) were used in order to construct new depositional model of the Miocene succession of the Carpathian foredeep. The gas-bearing Miocene infill of the CFB is characterized by a shallowing-upward trend of sedimentation and consists of hemipelagic, turbiditic and deltaic and nearshore-to-estuarine facies associations. Lowermost part of the Miocene infill seems to has been deposited from the North. Such direction of sediment supply was related to influence of existing relief of the pre-Miocene basement, where very deep (up to 1,5 km) erosional valleys cut into the pre-Miocene (Precambrian) basement due to inversion and uplift of the SE segment of theMid-Polish Trough are located. Upper part of theMiocene infill reflects sediment progradation from the South, from the Carpathian area into the foredeep basin. In the Rzeszów area existence of the so-called anhydrite-less island, i.e. relatively large area devoid of the Badenian evaporitic cover caused by the post-Badenian uplift and widespread erosion of evaporites,has been postulated for many years. Interpretation of 3D seismic data showed that such model should be abandoned. In the studied part of the CFB, Late Badenian evaporitic sedimentation was restricted to the axial parts of deep paleovalleys. Evaporites deposited in these valleys have been rarely encountered by exploration wells as such wells were almost exclusively located above basement highs separating erosional paleovalleys, hence giving incorrect assumption regarding regional lack of evaporitic cover. It is possible that in axial parts of these valleys important gas accumulations might exist, charged from the South and sealed by the Badenian evaporites

Petrofizyczne uwarunkowania ropo-gazonośności utworów dewonu i karbonu w południowej części niecki miechowskiej w świetle wyników modelowań komputerowych Petrophysical conditions of oil and gas productivity of Devonian and Carboniferous deposits in the southern part of the Miechów Trough in the light of computer modelling results /

Tyt. z nagłówka.Bibliogr. s. 369-373.Dostępny również w formie drukowanej.STRESZCZENIE: W wyniku poszukiwań węglowodorów w osadach paleozoiku należących do bloków górnośląskiego i małopolskiego, pod przykryciem miocenu zapadliska przedkarpackiego, odkryto przemysłowe nagromadzenia węglowodorów w utworach dewonu oraz karbonu. Na obszarze niecki miechowskiej, w profilu paleozoiku objawy występowania węglowodorów są nieliczne, prawdopodobnie z powodu braku uszczelnienia mioceńskiego. W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki przestrzennego modelowania zmienności litofacji i parametrów zbiornikowych, utworów dewonu i karbonu oraz ich bezpośredniego nadkładu - triasu i jury środkowej. Komputerowy model 3D o powierzchni ponad 1200 km2, opracowano na podstawie danych sejsmicznych, laboratoryjnych i wyników interpretacji geofizyki wiertniczej, w rejonie Proszowice - Busko - Pińczów. Uzyskane wyniki pokazują, że dominujące w podłożu południowej niecki miechowskiej węglanowe utwory dewonu i karbonu stanowią słabe skały zbiornikowe, jednakże podstawową przeszkodą dla powstania "paleozoicznych" akumulacji jest brak regionalnego uszczelnienia dobrej jakości. SŁOWA KLUCZOWE: Niecka Miechowska, parametry zbiornikowe, modelowanie komputerowe 3D, karbon, dewon, złoża węglowodorów. ABSTRACT: As a result of hydrocarbon exploration in the Palaeozoic formations of the Upper Silesian and Małopolska blocks covered by the Miocene deposits of the Carpathian Foredeep, commercial hydrocarbon accumulations have been discovered in Devonian rocks (Lachowice, Stryszawa, Zalesie, and Niwiska) and in Carboniferous rocks (Nosówka near Rzeszów, Marklowice). In the Miechów Trough, hydrocarbon shows in the Palaeozoic section are scarce, probably due to lacking Miocene seal. The paper presents results of spatial variability modelling of the lithofacies and reservoir parameters in the Devonian and Carboniferous deposits and in their direct cover, i.e. Triassic and Jurassic rocks. The 3D computer model for the area Proszowice - Busko - Pińczów (1200 km2) was constructed on the basis of seismic and laboratory data and results of geophysical well logging. The obtained results indicate that the Devonian and Carboniferous carbonate deposits which predominate in the basement of the southern Miechów Trough represent poor reservoir rocks. However, it is the lack of good-quality regional seal that has essentially interfered with formation of "Palaeozoic" accumulations. KEYWORDS: Miechów Trough, hydrocarbon deposits, reservoir parameters, carboniferous, Devonian, 3D computer modeling

Modele statyczne złoża ropy naftowej i gazu ziemnego Grabownica Static models of the Grabownica oil and gas field /

Tyt. z nagłówka.Bibliografia s. 193-195.Wykorzystując archiwalne dane kartograficzne, profile stratygraficzne 40 odwiertów, wyniki profilowań oporności, potencjałów polaryzacji naturalnej oraz wyniki interpretacji porowatości i zailenia, zbudowano modele strukturalno-parametryczne fałdu Grabownicy. Na ich podstawie opracowano dyskretny "model pseudofacjalny". Modelowania przedstawiono na przykładzie modelu 3D odwzorowującego zachodnie zamknięcie fałdu. Przedyskutowano niektóre aspekty metodyczne modelowania i wiarygodność uzyskanych wyników.Using archival data from mapping, stratigraphy from 40 wells and resistivity and spontaneous potential logs, as well as porosity and clay content curves, the authors constructed structural-parametric models of the Grabownica Fold. On this basis, a discrete "pseudo-facies model" was developed. The modeling was exemplified by the 3D model that images the western closure of the fold. Some methodological aspects of the modeling and the reliability of results were discussed.Dostępny również w formie drukowanej.SŁOWA KLUCZOWE: modelowania strukturalne, modelowania parametryczne, fałd Grabownicy. KEYWORDS: structural modelling, parameter modelling, Grabownica fold

Methodology and results of digital mapping and 3D modelling of the Lower Palaeozoic strata on the East European Craton, Poland

The paper presents a multi-phase and multi-stage methodology of 3D structural-parametric modelling and mapping that has been applied during implementation of the GAZGEOLMOD project. The core of the applied processing workflows is a 3D geological model constructed in Petrel, which functions as a spatial database for all kinds of geological models. The first phase of the workflow comprised an extended process of database project building that was very intensive at the beginning of the project and continued to its end. The second phase of processing consisted of a complex process of mapping and structural modelling that is performed in 8 stages, allowing for iterative improvements of model resolution. During the realization of stages 1 to 7, processing was run independently for the Baltic (BB), Podlasie (PB) and Lublin Basins (LB). The workflow included the following stages: (1) unification and digitization of published and on file analogue and digital, structural maps; (2) preliminary reinterpretation, including adjustment to stratigraphy data acquired from archives; (3) adjusting the maps to the primary results of seismic interpretation, mainly from archival data; (4) digitization and gridding of pre-existing palaeothickness maps and updates of them with data from boreholes completed after 2009; the reinterpretation of the palaeothickness maps into contemporary thickness maps; (5) elaboration of the primary structural 3D models for the three basins; (6) increasing of the stratigraphic resolution of models up to the rank of the geological epoch for Ordovician–Silurian strata; (7) conversion of basin-scale structural models into a 2D grid, and their merging into platform-scale surfaces, resulting in 45 structural and thickness maps; finally, they were adjusted to the results of seismic interpretation and sedimentological studies, obtained in the project; and (8) completion of the resulting structural models for each of the basins and for the entire Polish part of the East European Craton in several different versions. In the third phase of processing, parametric models of vitrinite reflectance (Ro) and Total Organic Carbon (TOC) were estimated

Modelling of distribution and geometry of lithological complexes of the Ecca Group (the Karoo Supergroup) in SW Botswana

The Ecca Group, a subdivision of the Karoo Supergroup (U. Carboniferous-L. Jurassic) in SW Botswana is a sequence deposited as marine deltaic bodies considered to have been supplied from a cratonic source elevated north of the basin. The Karoo strata in this region are covered unconformably by sands of the Kalahari Beds (Upper Cretaceous – Recent). Therefore the bedrock outcrops are extremely rare, limited in size and a low number of boreholes drilled in this vas area (ca. 340 x 540 km) provide the only insights into the succession of the Karoo Supergroup. Very long distances between individual boreholes make correlation, interpolation between localities and interpretations of geometry of lithological bodies that would provide clues supporting basin analysis by traditional means very problematic. Therefore, modelling of the Ecca Group lithofacies associations with the use of Petrel software was performed, which resulted in the first approximation of the space-time relations between lithological complexes of this unit. These relations in turn suggest evolutionary trends of the basin during deposition of the Ecca Group strata.The model suggests two main zones of supply indicated by two distinctly different patterns of deltaic lithofacies associations, and their evolution controlled by post-Dwyka palaeotopography and its subsequent modifications by local subsidence in the centre of the depository. Initially rapid southward progradation of relatively fine-grained delta body located in the west of the area was followed by subsidence-induced aggradation interrupted by stages of abandonment and marine transgression. Such variations, emphasised by the presence of sandy clinoforms of the delta lobes separated by basinal ‘fines’, imply significant interplay between rates of supply and subsidence. On the other hand, the delta formed in the east contains relatively high proportion of coarse-grained sandstone facies overlying prodelta fines as laterally extensive tabular body formed most probably by lateral migration of distributary channels and delta-front mouthbars, and devoid of abandonment stages. Proximal litofacies of the “western delta” fill the subsiding depocentre and grade distally into synchronously deposited prodelta fines towards the south. By contrast, distal fine-grained prodelta facies fill basin depocentre in the eastern area and are overlain by proximal facies of the “eastern delta”

Future Technology Mix—Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) and Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)—An Overview of Selected Projects as an Example for Future Investments in Poland

Rising fuel prices, changes in energy markets, and concern for the environment make it necessary to develop new solutions and technologies. The development of new technologies brings with it the need to take risks associated with unpredictable consequences, technological immaturity, and other issues. However, without these elements, technological development is not possible. In this study, installations related to two different technologies—Enhanced Geothermal System (EGS) and Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage (CCUS)—are reviewed. An Enhanced Geothermal System is a technology for exploiting the energy stored in hot dry rocks. Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Storage is an important technology for reducing CO2 emissions. The combination of these two technologies in CO2–EGS systems can bring significant environmental benefits. This paper reviews the most important CCUS and EGS systems in the world to form a baseline for similar, future technology investment in Poland

Finite Element Modeling of Geothermal Source of Heat Pump in Long-Term Operation

Model simulation allows to present the time-varying temperature distribution of the ground source for heat pumps. A system of 25 double U-shape borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) in long-term operation and three scenarios were created. In these scenarios, the difference between balanced and non-balanced energy load was considered as well as the influence of the hydrogeological factors on the temperature of the ground source. The aim of the study was to compare different thermal regimes of BHEs operation and examine the influence of small-scale and short-time thermal energy storage on ground source thermal balance. To present the performance of the system according to geological and hydrogeological factors, a Feflow® software (MIKE Powered by DHI Software) was used. The temperature for the scenarios was visualized after 10 and 30 years of the system’s operation. In this paper, a case is presented in which waste thermal energy from space cooling applications during summer months was used to upgrade thermal performance of the ground (geothermal) source of a heat pump. The study shows differences in the temperature in the ground around different Borehole Heat Exchangers. The cold plume from the not-balanced energy scenario is the most developed and might influence the future installations in the vicinity. Moreover, seasonal storage can partially overcome the negative influence of the travel of a cold plume. The most exposed to freezing were BHEs located in the core of the cold plumes. Moreover, the influence of the groundwater flow on the thermal recovery of the several BHEs is visible. The proper energy load of the geothermal source heat pump installation is crucial and it can benefit from small-scale storage. After 30 years of operation, the minimum average temperature at 50 m depth in the system with waste heat from space cooling was 2.1 °C higher than in the system without storage and 1.6 °C higher than in the layered model in which storage was not applied

Measuring sadness index based on country statistics

The article studied topics related to measuring people’s sadness. For this purpose, the question was asked which factor: social, economic or climate, matters most. The paper analyzed, using machine learning, statistical data related to the number of suicides against the factors: level of Internet access, average income, temperature in a country and, in addition, population density. The method used was correlational statistical analysis using the K-nearest neighbor (KNN) method and also Pearson’s correlation. The results were visualized in the form of graphs, then subjected to final analysis and included in the form of final conclusions