Secondary cervical cancer prevention in routine prenatal care — coverage, results and lessons for the future

Objectives: Cervical cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer among women worldwide and one of the most common malignancies diagnosed in gravidas. Therefore, routine antenatal Pap smear is such an important examination. The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of Pap smear performance during prenatal care and to determine possible factors affecting it. Material and methods: A self-composed questionnaire was distributed among 638 women managed in a tertiary obstetric referral center. 33 questions regarded cervical cancer prevention and risk factors. Results: 96.9% of respondents had undergone Pap smear and 80.6% had it performed during pregnancy. For 11.5% women Pap smear in pregnancy was the first one in their life. The most common reasons for lack of Pap smear performance were: no subjective need to perform it (40.9%), no doctor’s recommendation (28.6%) and lack of gynecological care (16.3%). Among professionally active women the percentage of those who had not undergone Pap smear during pregnancy was statistically higher (28.5%) than among those who were on sick leave (13.5%) (p = 0.0003). Also, younger women were at risk of less frequent participation in cervical cancer screening Conclusions: Although performance of Pap smear among surveyed patients was relatively high, there was a significant group of women who had undergone their first test during pregnancy, which makes secondary cervical cancer prevention in prenatal care a useful prophylactic strategy. Special attention should be given to younger and professionally active women

Pregnant surgeon — assessment of potential harm to the woman and her unborn child

Although most countries developed regulations concerning pregnant women at work, they are not strictly adjusted for every profession. In the European countries directives prevent pregnant women from working during night shifts, but apart from a vague paragraph about avoiding hazardous agents, there are no guidelines specific for pregnant surgeons. The aim of the study was to analyse the risks and consequences of working in the operating theatre during pregnancy. An in-depth analysis of available literature, laws and regulations concerning health and safety of pregnant surgeons was performed. Not only they are surgeons exposed to radiation and infectious agents like any other physicians, but they also face the risk of strenuous physical activity affecting their pregnancy. The unpredictability of this occupation, prolonged hours and stress associated with work can all affect the future mother and her child. The available research on potential risks for pregnant women performing surgical activities named such consequences as premature birth, miscarriage, foetal growth retardation, hypertensive disorders and infertility. There are no unanimous guidelines for pregnant surgeons on how long and to which extent they should work. The key is to maintain a balance between limiting the likelihood of pregnancy complications and respecting women’s voluntary wish to continue professional development

Criminal liability for exposure to HIV and AIDS

Przedstawiona krótka analiza regulacji związanej z odpowiedzialnością karną za narażenie na zarażenie wirusem HIV i chorobą AIDS pozwala stanąć na stanowisku, iż zamiast skupiać się na karaniu i tak „ukaranego” już nosicielstwem wirusa HIV sprawcy przestępstwa z art. 161 §1 k.k. należałoby raczej zastanowić się nad rozwiązaniami, które uniemożliwiałyby przenoszenie się w większości przypadków śmiertelnego wirusa.The brief analysis of the criminal liability regulation for exposure to HIV and AIDS presents the view that instead of focusing on the punishment of alreadypenalized HIV carriers, 161 §1 k.k. One should rather consider solutions that would make it impossible to transmit in most cases of fatal virus

Disciplinary liability of intelligence agency officers. Selected issues

Dyscyplina służbowa to jeden z warunków prawidłowego funkcjonowania służb specjalnych. W niniejszym artykule przybliżono tę problematykę wskazując m. in. sankcje, które zostaną nałożone na funkcjonariusza służb specjalnych (cywilnych i wojskowych) w sytuacji, gdy dopuści się przewinienia dyscyplinarnego, które musi mieć związek ze służbą i wykonywanymi czynnościami służbowymi. I chociaż wydaje się, że stosowanie procedur związanych z postępowaniem dyscyplinarnym nie powinno budzić zastrzeżeń, to jednak w praktyce powstaje szereg wątpliwości w toku prowadzonych postępowań. Dlatego też coraz częściej w literaturze przedmiotu podnosi się, by kwestię odpowiedzialności dyscyplinarnej służb mundurowych (a więc nie tylko służb specjalnych) uregulować we wspólnym akcie normatywnym.Discipline at work is an aspect of proper functioning of intelligence agencies. The presented paper sheds some light on the issue by presenting, for example, certain types of disciplinary action regarding an officer of an intelligence agency (both civil and military) who is guilty of disciplinary misconduct while performing service. Although the application of disciplinary measures seems unquestionable, in practice there appear to be a number of doubts arising during various proceedings. As a result, the literature of the subject increasingly postulates that disciplinary liability of uniformed services (therefore not only intelligence agencies) be regulated by a common normative act

Child Abuse Syndrome and the obligation to keep medical confidentiality

Na przestrzeni wieków problematyka krzywdzenia dziecka kształtowała się w różny sposób. W czasach starożytnych to ojciec mógł i decydował o prawie do życia swoich dzieci, za co nie ponosił odpowiedzialności karnej. W literaturze przedmiotu zagadnienie zespołu dziecka maltretowanego pojawiło się dopiero pod koniec XIX w. W niniejszym artykule podjęto próbę odniesienia się do tego zagadnienia z punktu w odniesieniu do instytucji tajemnicy lekarskiej i obowiązku denucjacji w przypadku uzyskania informacji sygnalizujących popełnienie przestępstwa z art. 207 k.k.Over the centuries, the problem of child abuse has been shaped in various ways. In ancient times, the father could and decided about the right to life of his children, for which he did not bear criminal responsibility. In the literature on the subject, the issue of the battered child's syndrome appeared only at the end of the 19th century. This article attempts to address this issue from the point of view of the institution of medical secrecy and the obligation of denunciation in the event of obtaining information signaling the offense under Art. 207 C.C

Theoretical models of determinants in researches in management accounting area

Artykuł prezentuje rozważania związane z zastosowaniem modeli teorii uwarunkowań sytuacyjnych w badaniach praktycznych w rachunkowości zarządczej. W jego pierwszej części omówiono istotę teorii uwarunkowań sytuacyjnych oraz jej główne założenia. W kolejnych punktach dokonano przeglądu najbardziej popularnych modeli w podziale na dwa kluczowe podejścia – orientację na efektywność zastosowań rachunkowości zarządczej oraz na analizę przyczyn zmian. Ostatnia część artykułu to omówienie dynamicznych modeli zmian sytuacyjnych w rachunkowości zarządczej. Celem artykułu jest zatem przybliżenie najbardziej znanych modeli teorii uwarunkowań sytuacyjnych w ramach wskazanych powyżej podejść, które mogą być później stosowane w badaniach w obszarze praktyki. Przedstawione rozważania zostały przygotowane na podstawie analizy literatury przedmiotu.This article presents considerations about Contingency Theory’s models application in process of practical researches conducted in management accointing area. In the first part of the article, essence of Contingency Theory and key assumptions were elaborated. In the following chapters the most popular models – separated into two approaches – effectiveness and change, were oveviewed. Last part of the article is focused on dynamic models of Contingency in management accounting. The main purpose of this article is to present the most known Contingency Theory models, that can be used in practical researches conducted in management accounting areas

Market liberalization's impact on management accounting: a case study focused on a regional trade unit of the Polish gas company

Purpose: The impact of market liberalization on management accounting in a post-socialist context is explored by focusing upon a key regional trade unit of the Polish Gas Company, a former state monopoly undergoing transformation. Design/methodology/approach: Insights are provided through a contingency theory framework, as modified through a configuration-sequential lens that considers management accounting as an expression of adaptation to a specific configuration of external and internal contingencies. Findings: In the transitional context, the authors found that the direction, pace and manner of management accounting change were characteristic of a late adopter defending against market liberalization. There was a need here to overcome more barriers than in the case of a more established market economy, including through achieving a sufficient level of technological and institutional maturity. Originality/value: The study focuses on an early phase of liberalization illuminating impacts through a case study of a regional trade unit in the key gas sector company in Poland. Little research has been done in this area following this approach and scarcely anything to the best of our knowledge on the empirical focus

Impact of calcium binding and thionylation of S100A1 protein on its NMR derived structure and backbone dynamics

S100 proteins play a crucial role in multiple important biological processes in vertebrate organisms acting predominantly as calcium signal transmitters. S100A1 is a typical representative of this family of proteins. Upon binding of four Ca2+ ions it undergoes a dramatic conformational change, resulting in exposure, in each of its two identical subunits, a large hydrophobic cleft that binds to target proteins. It has been shown that abnormal expression of S100A1 is strongly correlated with a number of severe human diseases: cardiomyopathy and neurodegenerative disorders. A few years ago we have found that thionylation of Cys 85 - the unique cysteine in two identical S100A1 subunits – leads to a drastic increase of the protein affinity for calcium. We postulated that the protein activated by thionylation becomes a more efficient calcium signal transmitter. Therefore, we decided to undertake, using NMR methods, a comparative study of structure and dynamics of native and thionylated human S100A1 in its apo and holo states. In this paper we present the results obtained for the both forms of this protein in its holo state and compare them with the previously published structure of native apo S100. The main conclusion that we draw from these results is that the increased calcium binding affinity of S100A1 upon thionylation arises, most probably, from rearrangement of the hydrophobic core in its apo form