Dielectric relaxation of manganese modified Bi6Fe2Ti3O18 Aurivillius-type ceramics

The five-layer Aurivillius type structures with the general chemical formula Bi5Fe2-xMnxTi3O18, where x = 0, 0.6, 1.2 have been synthesized and tested. The SEM studies showed a significant increase in grain size in the manganese-modified Aurivillius type ceramic material (for x= 1.2). The increase in the amount of manganese ions (Mn3+) affects the decrease in the temperature at which the relaxation processes take place. Namely from 525 K (1 kHz) and 725 K (1 MHz) for BFT sample (x= 0) to 355 K (1 kHz) and 565 K (1 MHz) for BFM12T sample (x= 1.2). Using the Arrhenius’s law and the Vogel-Fulcher’s relationship the activation energy (Ea) and the relaxation time have been calculated. The value of Ea increases with the increase of the Mn amount from 0.737 eV (for x= 0) to 0.915 eV (for x= 1.2).[1] B. Aurivillius, Arkiv Kemi 1 463, 499-463 (1949). [2] E.C. Subbarao, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 45,166 (1962). [3] H. Schmid, J. Phys.: Condens. Matter. 20, 434201 (2008). [4] D. Khomskii, Physics 2, 20 (2009). [5] D. Bochenek, J. Alloy. Compd. 504, 508-513 (2010). [6] M. Bibes, A. Barthélémy, Nat. Mater. 7, 425-426 (2008). [7] Z. Wang, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Li, H. Luo, J. Li, D. Viehland, ACS Nano 8(8), 7793-7800 (2014). [8] J.A. Bartkowska, J. Dercz, J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 117(5), 875-878 (2013). [9] M. Villegas, T. Jardiel, A.C. Caballero, J.F. Fernandez, J. Electroceram. 13, 543-548 (2004). [10] Zuo X, Yang J, Yuan B, Song D, Tang X, Zhang K, Zhu X, Song W, Dai J, Sun Y, RSC Adv. 4, 46704 (2014). [11] W. Bai, G. Chen, J.Y. Zhu, J. Yang, T. Lin, X.J. Meng, X.D. Tang, C.G. Duan, J.H. Chu, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 0829021 (2012). [12] K. Tang, W. Bai, J. Liu, J. Yang, Y. Zhang, C.G. Duana, X. Tanga, J. Chu, Ceram. Inter. 41, S185-S190 (2015). [13] X.Y. Mao, W. Wang, X.B. Chen, Sol. St. Comm. 147(5-6), 186-189 (2008). [14] H. Yan, H. Zhang, R. Ubic, M. Reece, J. Liu, Z. Shen, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 17, 657-661 (2006). [15] H.S. Shulman, D. Damjanovic, Setter N, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 83 (3), 528-532 (2000). [16] A. L. Kholkin, M. Avdeev, M. E. V. Costa, J. L. Baptista, Appl. Phys. Lett. 79, 662-664 (2001)

The internal friction and the relaxation time spectrum of ferroelectric ceramic PZT type

The fractional Zener model with two spring-pots is proposed to description of relaxation time spectrum of ferroelectric ceramic material. This model is based on fractional calculus. The influence of values of a and b parameters on the shape of the relaxation time spectrum was investigated

Microstructure and dielectric properties of BF–PFN ceramics with negative dielectric loss

Multiferroics with negative value of dielectric constant are very promising materials because of their modern applicability. These materials can be used as materials for the construction of electromagnetic radiation shields. The subject of the research is multiferroic BiFeO3–PbFe1/2Nb1/2O3 (BF–PFN) ceramics. For all multiferroic materials the following studies are conducted: SEM, EDS and the temperature dependence of dielectric constant ε′(T). Above a certain temperature (different for different chemical compositions) the value of dielectric constant reaches negative values. Such the behavior of the dielectric constant may indicate that the polarization inside the material has a reverse direction to the external electric field. That is, the electric field inside the material counteracts the applied external electric field. The obtaining materials also show negative dielectric losses. The Axelrod model is used to explain the mechanism that causes negative dielectric loss

Internal friction phenomena in composites based on PZT-type ferroelectric powder and ferrites

The aim of the work was to determine the phenomena of internal friction (mechanical losses) occurring in ferroelectric-ferromagnetic composites created based on PZT-type ferroelectric powder and ferrite. The composites were obtained using ceramic powders – multi-component PZT-type solid solutions with ferroelectric properties. Their magnetic component included zinc-nickel powder Ni0.64Zn0.36Fe2O4. 30 × 10 × 1 mm3 test specimens were obtained using free sintering. Temperature Q -1(T) and amplitude Q -1(ε) internal friction dependencies were determined. Wide high temperature maxima were observed with regard to the internal friction temperature dependencies obtained for the tested specimens. The conducted measurements of amplitude (isothermal) dependencies of internal friction Q -1(ε) for the tested composites have allowed for interpreting the previously observed maximum on the temperature dependencies of internal friction

Multiferroic Aurivillius-type Bi6 Fe 2−xMnxTi3O18 (0 ≤ x ≤ 1.5) ceramics with negative dielectric constant

Aurivillius-type ceramics Bi6Fe2−xMnxTi3O18 x = 0, 0.3, 0.9, 1.5 were obtained by a solid-state reaction method using high-purity TiO2, Bi2O3, Fe2O3 and Mn2O3 powders. The milled powder was calcined at 1113 K for 4 h. After calcination, the powder was milled again than pressed into pellets and sintered at 1213 K for 4 h. It was detected that the addition of manganese ions to the multiferroic five-layer Aurivillius-type structure affects the size of the grains. It was found that, the certain amount of manganese ions causes that the polarization of the material doped by them, have the direction opposite to the direction of the applied electric field. The doped material behaves like dia-electric material. The presented research complements the research concerning the Aurivillius ceramics doped with manganese. An attempt was made to explain the reasons for the negative values of dielectric constant and dielectric loss, that occur in manganese-doped five-layer Aurivillius type ceramics and which have not been described in the literature so far.1. J.A. Bartkowska, R. Zachariasz, D. Bochenek. J. Ilczuk, Arch. Met. Mater. 58(4), 1401 (2013) 2. J.A. Bartkowska, J. Dercz, J. Exp. Theor. Phys. 117(5), 875 (2013) 3. B. Aurivillius, Arkiv Kemi 1463(499), 463 (1949) 4. E.C. Subbarao, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 45, 166 (1962) 5. H.J. Kim, J.W. Kim, E.J. Kim, J.Y. Choi, C.M. Raghavan,. W.-J. Kim, M.H. Kim, K. Song, J.-W. Kim, S.S. Kim, Ferroelectrics 465, 68 (2014) 6. Z. Wang, Y. Zhang, Y. Wang, Y. Li, H. Luo, J. Li, D. Viehland, ACS Nano 8(8), 7793 (2014) 7. S.N. Achary, O.D. Jayakumar, A.K. Tyagi, Functional Materials (Elsevier Inc., USA, 2012), p. 159 8. Z. Zhou, N.X. Sun, in Multiferroic nanostructures. Composite Magnetoelectrics (Elsevier Inc., USA, 2015), p. 71 9. N.J. Joshi, G.S. Grewal, V. Shrinet, T.P. Govindan, A. Pratap, IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 19(1), 83 (2012) 10. A.J.C. Buurma, G.R. Blake, T.T.M. Palstra, U. Adem, Multiferroic Materials: Physics and Properties(Elsevier Inc., USA, 2016), p. 1 11. T. Jia, H. Kimura, Z. Cheng, H. Zhao, Sci. Rep. 6, 31867 (2016). https ://doi.org/10.1038/srep3 1867 12. X. Zuo, J. Yang, B. Yuan, D. Song, X. Tang, K. Zhang, X. Zhu, W. Song, J. Dai, Y. Sun, RSC Adv. 4, 46704 (2014) 13. M. Morawiec, A. Grajcar, J. Achiev. Mater. Manuf. Eng. 80, 11 (2017) 14. M. Villegas, T. Jardiel, A.C. Caballero, J.F. Fernandez, J. Electroceram. 13, 543 JF (2004) 15. W. Bai, G. Chen, J.Y. Zhu, J. Yang, T. Lin, X.J. Meng, X.D. Tang, C.G. Duan, J.H. Chu, Appl. Phys. Lett. 100, 0829021 (2012) 16. K. Tang, W. Bai, J. Liu, J. Yang, Y. Zhang, C.G. Duana, X. Tanga, J. Chu, Ceram. Int. 41, S185 (2015) 17. B. Yuan, J. Yang, J. Chen, X.Z. Zuo, L.H. Yin, X.W. Tang, X.B. Zhu, J.M. Dai, W.H. Song, Y.P. Sun, Appl. Phys. Lett. 104, 0624131 (2014) 18. F. Kublel, H. Schmid, Ferroelectrics 129, 101 (1992) 19. A. Srinivas, D.W. Kim, K.S. Hong, S.V. Suryanarayana, Appl. Phys. Lett. 83, 2217 (2003) 20. X.Y. Mao, W. Wang, X.B. Chen, Solid State Commun. 147, 186 (2008) 21. A.K. Srivastava, A.C. Pandey, R. Kripal, S.H. Lee, Soft Mater. 12, 284 (2014) 22. E. Axelrod, A. Puzenko, Y. Haruvy, R. Reisfeld, Y. Feldman, J. Non Cryst. Solids 352, 4166 (2006) 23. J.A. Bartkowska, D. Bochenek, J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 29(20), 17262 (2018) 24. D. Bochenek, P. Niemiec, P. Guzdek, M. Wzorek, Mat. Chem. Phys. 195, 199 (2017) 25. H.S. Shulman, D. Damjanovic, N. Setter, J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 83(3), 528 (2000

Polskie ekwiwalenty semantyczne rosyjskiego rzeczownika ярость

The purpose of this article is to compare the Russian noun ярость (rage) and its Polish semantic equivalents (gniew, wściekłość, pasja, furia) reported by Russian-Polish and Polish-Russian Dictionaries. Monographs, articles and dictionary entries have been used to analyse the terms and to create new definitions of feelings based on the Natural semantic metalanguage (NSM). The new definitions were written using sixty semantic primes, are universal for all languages, which helped to show similarities or differences between such difficult terms as feelings. Using this method, symmetry and asymmetry of equivalence have been found between Russian and Polish words.The purpose of this article is to compare the Russian noun ярость (rage) and its Polish semantic equivalents (gniew, wściekłość, pasja, furia) reported by Russian-Polish and Polish-Russian Dictionaries. Monographs, articles and dictionary entries have been used to analyse the terms and to create new definitions of feelings based on the Natural semantic metalanguage (NSM). The new definitions were written using sixty semantic primes, are universal for all languages, which helped to show similarities or differences between such difficult terms as feelings. Using this method, symmetry and asymmetry of equivalence have been found between Russian and Polish words

Formy reprezentacji doświadczeń emocjonalnych w dzieciństwie i dorosłości: wyobrażenia czy narracje?

The form of a mental representation of the emotional experience in children and adults: images or narratives?The article concerns the issue of the form of a mental representation of the emotional experience from early childhood, based on emotionally laden events. I am referring to the research on children’s memory for emotional events and the studies of adults’ autobiographical childhood memories. I am seeking an answer to a question to what extend images and narratives can illustrate emotional schemes developed in childhood

Internal friction in the ferroelectric-ferromagnetic composites

In the work, temperature Q-1(T) and amplitude Q-1(e) dependences of internal friction for ferroelectric – ferromagnetic composites on the base of the PZT and ferrite were determined. The temperature dependences of internal friction Q-1 reveal the peak in the range of high temperatures. We have investigated the peak associated with the viscous-elastic mobility of ferroelectric domain walls. The internal friction due to the viscous-elastic mobility of ferroelectric domain walls was calculated ang’s theory. Based on internal friction measurements and theoretical considerations, the peak was described. Additionally the amplitude (isothermal) Q-1(e) dependences for the composites were made. This allowed for the interpretation of the maximum observed on the temperature dependences of the internal friction Q-1(T).[1] R. Z a c h a r i a s z, A. Z a r y c k a, J. I l c z u k, Determination of the lead titanate zirconate phase diagram by the measurements of the internal friction and Young’s modulus, Material Science – Poland 25, 781-789 (2007). [2] A. P u s k a r, Internal Friction of Materials, Cambridge International Science Publishing, Cambridge (2001). [3] C. P a w l a c z y k, M. O l s z o w y, E. M a r k i e w i c z, E.N o g a s - Ć w i k i e l, J. K u ł e k, Dielectric behaviour and pyroelectricity In SBN70-PVC composites, Phase Transitions 80, 177-183 (2007). [4] B.L. C h e n g, M. G a b b a y, M. M a g l i o n e, G. F a n -t o z z i, Relaxation motion and possible memory of domain structures in barium titanate ceramics studied by mechanical and dielectric losses, J. Electroceramics 10, 5-18 (2003). [5] R. Z a c h a r i a s z, D. B o c h e n e k, Low frequency elastic and anelastic properties of Pb(Fe1-xNbx)O3 ferroelectric ceramics, The European Physical Journal Special Topics 154, 253-256 (2008). [6] D. B o c h e n e k, R. Z a c h a r i a s z, PFN ceramics synthesized by a two-stage method, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 54 (3), 903-910 (2009). [7] J.A. B a r t k o w s k a, J. B l u s z c z, R. Z a c h a r i a s z, J. I l c z u k, B. B r u s, Domain wall motion effect In piezoelectric ceramics, J. Phys. IV France 137, 19-21 (2006). [8] R. Z a c h a r i a s z, B. B r u ś, A. Z a r y c k a, M. C z e r -w i e c, J. I l c z u k, Application of measurements of internal friction amplitude dependences for tests of ceramic materials, Physica Status Solidi A 205(4), 1120-1125 (2008). [9] R. Z a c h a r i a s z, D. B o c h e n e k, Parameters of ceramics obtained on the base PZT used to build electroacoustic converters, Journal de Physique IV 137, 189-192 (2006). [10] D. B o c h e n e k, P. N i e m i e c, R. Z a c h a r i a s z, A. C h r o b a k, G. Z i ó ł k o w s k i, Ferroelectric – ferromagnetic composites based on PZT type powder and ferrite powder, Archives of Metallurgy and Materials 58 (3) (2013). [11] D. B o c h e n e k, P. N i e m i e c, P. W a w r z a ł a, A. C h r o b a k, Multiferroic Ceramic Composites Based on PZT Type Ceramic and NiZnFe, Ferroelectrics 448, 96-105 (2013). [12] R. Z a c h a r i a s z, J. I l c z u k, D. B o c h e n e k, Influence of the technology conditions on the mechanical and dielectric properties of the PZT-base piezoceramic transdcers, Solid State Phenomena 89, 303-308 (2003). [13] Y.N. H u a n g, Y.N. W a n g, H.M. S h e n, Internal friction and dielectric loss related to domain walls, Phys. Rev. B 46 (5), 3290-3295 (1992). [14] A. G r a n a t o, K. L ¨ u c k e, The vibrating string model of dislocation damping, Physical Acoustics 4A, 225-276 (1966)

Skąd biorą się różnice w zakresach pojęć nominalnych pomiędzy dziećmi i dorosłymi? : specyficzne czy uniwersalne mechanizmy poznawcze

Artykuł dotyczy problemu różnic pomiędzy dziećmi i dorosłymi w zakresach pojęć nominalnych. Różnice te przyjmują najczęściej postać nadmiernej lub niedostatecznej generalizacji pojęć przez dzieci. W artykule dyskutowane są trzy przykładowe wyjaśnienia mechanizmu powstawania różnic w zakresach pojęć oraz prezentowane odpowiadające im badania. Wyjaśnienie tradycyjne, trudne współcześnie do obronienia, zakłada, iż małe dzieci posługują się specyficznym sposobem kategoryzowania obiektów, który nie występuje u dorosłych. Dwa pozostałe wyjaśnienia'. uwzględnianie w kategoryzacji relacji tematycznych oraz, badane przez autorkę, w kategoryzacji podobieństwa egzemplarzy do ideału, wskazują na mechanizmy poznawcze występujące zarówno u dorosłych, jak i dzieci. Celem artykułu jest pokazanie, na przykładzie analizowanych wyjaśnień, ogólniejszej współczesnej tendencji odnoszącej się do problemu różnic w funkcjonowaniu poznawczym dzieci i dorosłych. Polega ona na upatrywaniu różnic pomiędzy dorosłymi i dziećmi w specyfice stosowania uniwersalnych mechanizmów, a nie w odmienności samych mechanizmów poznawczych