36 research outputs found

    Association between initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking among adolescents and young adults a systematic review and meta-analysis

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    IMPORTANCE The public health implications of e-cigarettes depend, in part, on whether e-cigarette use affects the risk of cigarette smoking. OBJECTIVE To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies that assessed initial use of e-cigarettes and subsequent cigarette smoking. DATA SOURCES PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library,Web of Science, the 2016 Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco 22nd Annual Meeting abstracts, the 2016 Society of Behavioral Medicine 37th Annual Meeting & Scientific Sessions abstracts, and the 2016 National Institutes of Health Tobacco Regulatory Science Program Conference were searched between February 7 and February 17, 2017. The search included indexed terms and text words to capture concepts associated with e-cigarettes and traditional cigarettes in articles published from database inception to the date of the search. STUDY SELECTION Longitudinal studies reporting odds ratios for cigarette smoking initiation associated with ever use of e-cigarettes or past 30-day cigarette smoking associated with past 30-day e-cigarette use. Searches yielded 6959 unique studies, of which 9met inclusion criteria (comprising 17 389 adolescents and young adults). DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS Study quality and risk of biaswere assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and the Risk of Bias in Non-randomized Studies of Interventions tool, respectively. Data and estimates were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Among baseline never cigarette smokers, cigarette smoking initiation between baseline and follow-up. Among baseline non-past 30-day cigarette smokers who were past 30-day e-cigarette users, past 30-day cigarette smoking at follow-up. RESULTS Among 17 389 adolescents and young adults, the ages ranged between 14 and 30 years at baseline, and 56.0%were female. The pooled probabilities of cigarette smoking initiationwere 30.4%for baseline ever e-cigarette users and 7.9%for baseline never e-cigarette users. The pooled probabilities of past 30-day cigarette smoking at follow-upwere 21.5%for baseline past 30-day e-cigarette users and 4.6%for baseline non-past 30-day e-cigarette users. Adjusting for knowndemographic, psychosocial, and behavioral risk factors for cigarette smoking, the pooled odds ratio for subsequent cigarette smoking initiationwas 3.62 (95%CI, 2.42-5.41) for ever vs never e-cigarette users, and the pooled odds ratio for past 30-day cigarette smoking at follow-up was 4.28 (95%CI, 2.52-7.27) for past 30-day e-cigarette vs non-past 30-day e-cigarette users at baseline.Amoderate level of heterogeneitywas observed among studies (I2 = 60.1%). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE e-Cigarette use was associated with greater risk for subsequent cigarette smoking initiation and past 30-day cigarette smoking. Strong e-cigarette regulation could potentially curb use among youth and possibly limit the future population-level burden of cigarette smoking

    Track D Social Science, Human Rights and Political Science

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    Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/138414/1/jia218442.pd

    Age-Related Accessibility Biases in Pass-Face Recognition

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    Redox-driven changes in porewater chemistry in the unsaturated zone of the chalk aquifer beneath unlined cattle slurry lagoons

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    Farm waste stores such as cattle slurry lagoons are widespread in the UK and many overly important aquifers. Stores can be serious risks to water quality because they are important sources of N species, organic C and pathogenic microbes. At two sites on the Chalk aquifer of southern England, inclined boreholes were drilled and cored to obtain aquifer material from directly beneath unlined slurry stores. Vertical boreholes were also drilled adjacent to the slurry stores to determine any lateral movement of contaminants. Interstitial porewaters were analysed for major and minor ions and S isotopes. At the second site, unsaturated zone gases were sampled from the inclined hole. Infiltration of slurry into the unsaturated zone caused significantly elevated concentrations of metals such as Cu and Ni at both sites. Sulphate reduction was occurring at Site 1, as evidenced by SO4 concentrations decreasing from 150 to 50 mg/l and enhanced ratios of delta(34)S-SO4 and delta(18)O-SO4. Ammomum-N also leaches along with dissolved organic C which were found 17 m below ground surface at concentrations up to 400 and 260 mg/l, respectively. Contaminant concentrations were similar in the porewaters from both the inclined and vertical boreholes. At Site 2, higher contaminant concentrations were found in the inclined borehole compared with the vertical borehole. Organic C concentrations were considerably lower than at Site 1, ranging from 10 to 70 mg/l. Ammonium-N concentrations reached a maximum concentration of 25 mg/l. however NO3-N concentrations were up to 500 mg/l and SO4 concentrations were generally higher than Site 1. Data for N-2/Ar and delta(15)N-N-2 from the gas samplers show a peak of 102 and 2.2parts per thousand, respectively. at 14 m below ground level indicating denitrification was taking place. Evidence from delta(34)S- SO4 and delta(18)O-SO4 suggest that some SO4 reduction was taking place simultaneously. From CH4 and NH3 detected at depth it is suggested that slurry contamination. emanating from early use of the store, has passed through the top 18 m of the unsaturated zone at Site 2. The presence of high concentrations of NO3 and lower concentrations of organic C suggests that this lagoon has formed a relatively impermeable seal at its base within the first few years of its lifetime. The anoxic conditions at both sites may have mobilised U from N-P-K fertilisers. Both sites are continuing to impact on the porewater chemistry and pose a risk of groundwater contamination
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