646 research outputs found

    Elections and the public expenditure mix

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    The paper presents an intertemporal utility model that determines the effects of elections on the public expenditure composition. Conventional political budget cycle models describe incumbents as concerned only with the conditions that guarantee re-appointment. Aiming at achieving re-election, incumbents behave opportunistically in order to seduce voters about their political performance. The paper introduces another motivation for the manipulation of the public expenditure mix near elections: the incumbent’s concern with her future utility in the case of defeat. We provide data to suggest that both central and local governments in the European Union do manipulate the budget composition around election moments. In order to rationalise this observation, the paper proposes a model where voters and incumbent are rational, have complete information and no bias towards any category of public expenditure, namely consumption expenditure or investment expenditure. The paper shows that even under these extreme conditions, an electorally induced cycle on public expenditure mix is still expected, one where consumption expenditure raises relative to investment expenditure in pre-election periods. This opportunistic budget manipulation follows from two facts. First, any decision an incumbent makes on consumption expenditure pays back political dividends during the same period the expenditure is incurred, while any investment expenditure only becomes visible to voters with a one-period delay. Second, re-election is an uncertain event, which makes the second state of nature valuable. Outside politics, the incumbents’ pay back is a direct function of the voters’ assessment of the incumbents’ job while in office. The model is then extended to accommodate the scenario where voters and society at large do not share preferences. When voters or society evidence a preference prone to one of the public expenditure categories, a bias towards such category emerges in post-election periods. In pre-election periods two cases are found. Consumption expenditures exceed investment expenditures if either voters or society prefer the former category at the margin. The cycle’s nature is ambiguous if the marginal preferences of voters or society are biased towards investment expenditures. JEL classification: H50, E62. Keywords: Political Budget Cycles, Public Expenditure, Elections.

    Water Governance at the European Union

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    Coastal areas also shrink: main determinants for the case of Southern Portugal

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    Portugal has facing a process of population displacement from the rural areas to major cities, commonly located along the Atlantic coast. As in the rest of Portugal, the Algarve registered during the 1960s the exodus from the rural areas, mainly to the Meridional Coast due the development of the touristic activity. Under this framework, we might be tempted to think that the coastal area of Algarve as an overall is demographically expanding. Although in general terms coastal municipalities have being facing a continued population growth, there is however some degraded areas, left abandoned and losing population. This analysis is relevant because problem recognition is required in order to implement policies to correct these phenomena. In order to find the determinants of population loss in some sub-areas of the Algarve Coast, panel data regressions were estimated, using for the time dimension the Census data for 1991 and 2001 years, and for the cross-section dimension 20 shrinking coastal territory sections. The major reasons for the existence of sub-areas shrinking in the Coast of Algarve are the absence of any economic activity in those places as well as the deindustrialization process. In order to deal with it some local governments good practices are shown by combining the creation of attractive conditions for the placement of new economic activities with strategies that cope historical and aesthetic concerns

    Spatial strategic interaction on public expenditures of the Northern Portuguese Local Governments

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    The existence of spatial strategic interaction between neighbouring local governments is often referred in literature and identified in empirical applications for several countries. This interaction can occur either in expenditures or revenues of local governments. The spatial interaction in local government expenditure finds support on three theoretical explanations: spillover effects, Tiebout competition or mimicking behaviour. Identify the adequate explanation for the local government interaction is not an easy task since the reduced form of the estimated model can generate indistinguishable pattern in spatial interactions. This paper seeks to identify between those theoretical explanations what is the underlying reason for spatial interaction in public expenditures among local governments for the case of a particular sub-area of Portugal. Using differentiated model configurations and the local government expenditures of the municipalities composing the Northern Portuguese mainland, between 1998 and 2008, the paper identifies the structural model that generates the observed spatial auto-correlation in local public expenditures. Among the various theoretical reasons, only the existence of spillovers effects finds support

    O Algarve e a inovação: o perfil regional

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    A região do Algarve apresenta uma diminuta interacção entre produção e consumo de novo conhecimento, não se traduzindo a investigação gerada em ambiente universitário em novos (as)produtos/tecnologias/processos. A fraca relação existente entre estas duas vertentes não tem criado os mecanismos favoráveis à existência de uma articulação entre procura e oferta de I&D. O artigo apresenta o diagnóstico da região no que se refere aos processos de criação e transferência de conhecimento, tendo como referência um determinado modelo desenvolvimento regional, onde tem predominado uma ausência quase total de ligação, entre meio empresarial e meio universitário. O objectivo é contribuir para uma reflexão mais largada sobre a internalização da inovação na região, para que, com base na experiência do passado, possam surgir as condições necessárias à alteração do modelo vigente, privilegiando-se as relações de interface entre os diversos agentes económicos: públicos e privados. Visando propiciar as condições de base para uma superior assimilação da inovação por parte dos agentes económicos regionais, os processos de produção e de transferência de conhecimento deverão estar ajustados às necessidades do meio empresarial, ao mesmo tempo que capitalizam os recursos humanos altamente qualificados disponíveis em determinadas áreas do saber, em particular, nas ciências do mar, na biotecnologia, nas ciências agro-alimentares e no turismo

    Politico-economic approaches to public finance

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    A presente tese de doutoramento é composta por três partes que abordam a problemática da gestão das finanças públicas numa óptica político-económica. As primeiras duas partes versam sobre a forma como governos instituídos exercem as suas funções orçamentais de gestão da despesa pública e a terceira parte apresenta um modelo que analisa a forma eficiente de fornecimento numa nação do bem público “governo”. As duas primeiras partes demonstram o comportamento oportunista dos governos através da manipulação da composição da despesa pública ao longo da legislatura, dando origem ao aparecimento de um ciclo orçamental induzido pela ocorrência de períodos eleitorais. A primeira parte apresenta um modelo teórico com informação completa no sentido em que o governante e os eleitores têm acesso, em simultâneo, à mesma informação referente às escolhas orçamentais, nos períodos pré- e pós-eleitorais. O modelo mostra que no período pré-eleitoral, o governante manipula a composição da despesa pública para aquelas categorias que geram utilidade no período a que se refere a decisão do gasto. Essa manipulação resulta do facto da reeleição ser um acontecimento incerto, o que implica que apenas no caso da permanência no poder o governante retirará utilidade da despesa efectuada nas categorias que geram benefício no período seguinte. Dado que na primeira categoria se enquadram as denominadas despesas públicas correntes e na segunda categoria estão contempladas as designadas despesas públicas de investimento, a composição orçamental é enviesada no período pré-eleitoral em favor da primeira categoria. O governante é apresentado como sendo ideologicamente neutro, podendo o eleitorado evidenciar preferência por uma das categorias de despesa pública. Nesse sentido, se os eleitores não tiverem, no período pós-eleitoral, qualquer enviesamento nas suas preferências não será de esperar qualquer manipulação orçamental por parte do governante. Usando uma repartição da despesa pública entre categorias que são preferidas pelos eleitores e categorias que favorecem a sociedade no geral, o modelo teórico mostra que quando há um enviesamento nas preferências do eleitorado/sociedade em favor da despesa corrente, os governantes manipulam a composição da despesa pública em favor daquela categoria nos dois períodos da legislatura. Caso o enviesamento nas preferências do eleitorado/sociedade seja no sentido de favorecer a despesa de investimento, o modelo demonstra a existência de um ciclo político-eleitoral de sinal ambíguo. A segunda parte propõe uma aplicação empírica do modelo teórico apresentado na primeira parte, usando para tal dados relativos ao conjunto dos países da União Europeia no período compreendido entre 1970 e 2001. Contrastando com alguns estudos que indicam que a ausência de ciclos político-económicos de natureza eleitoral nos países desenvolvidos, a aplicação empírica mostra que nos períodos pré eleitorais os governos centrais da União Europeia manipulam a composição do orçamento público. Usando uma técnica econométrica recentemente proposta denominada “Pooled Mean Group Estimator”, são demonstrados dois resultados. Primeiro, os governos centrais aumentam a percentagem do orçamento público afecto às despesas correntes em detrimento das despesas de capital na proximidade dos períodos eleitorais. Segundo, quanto maior a importância relativa dos eleitores efectivos relativamente à população maior é a manipulação da despesa pública em favor das categorias que vão ao encontro das preferências do eleitorado. A terceira parte descreve um modelo teórico que procura discutir em que condições terá viabilidade a passagem de um sistema centralizado para um sistema descentralizado de provisão de um governo. O processo de descentralização proposto no modelo pode assumir duas formas: a implementação de comunidades isoladas ou a definição de uma região. Introduzindo um dilema (trade-off) entre o benefício da partilha do custo da provisão do bem “governo” e a perda resultante da partilha de um governo com indivíduos com preferências diferentes, o modelo teórico permite concluir que, na ausência de transferências compensatórias entre comunidades e na presença de um sistema de votação por unanimidade, as condições de eficiência e de estabilidade só são garantidas com a total segregação das comunidades ou com a manutenção da centralização. Quando o modelo admite a existência de transferências entre comunidades, por forma a assegurar que nenhuma se encontra numa posição menos favorável em comparação com a centralização, o óptimo de Pareto pode ser obtido quer com a regionalização, quer com a total segregação. No entanto, a condição de estabilidade apenas pode ser assegurada no segundo caso.This PhD dissertation comprises three parts that approach the problem of public finance management from a politico-economic perspective. The first two parts address the way established governments handle budgetary management of public expenditure while the third part presents a model that analyses a way of efficiently providing the public good “government” for a nation. The first two parts demonstrate the opportunistic behaviour of governments through manipulation of public expenditure composition during tenure, giving rise to a budget cycle induced by the occurrence of election periods. The first part presents a theoretical model entailing complete information in the sense that the incumbent politician and the electorate have access, simultaneously, to the same information regarding budgetary choices during post-and pre-election periods. The model shows that during the pre-election period, the incumbent manipulates the composition of public expenditure towards categories that generate utility during the period referring to spending decisions. This manipulation results from the fact that re-election is an uncertain event, thus implying that only in the case where the incumbent remains in power is it possible to obtain utility of applied spending in categories generating benefits in the following period. Given that current expenditures correspond to the first category and investment expenditures are contemplated in the second category, the budget composition is biased in pre-election periods in favour of the former. The incumbent is presented as being ideologically neutral, but we discuss the implications of the electorate’s preferences for one of the categories of public expenditure. To begin with, it is shown that, if voters have no preference bias, then budget manipulation is not expected during post-election period. The other possibilities are examined subsequently. By means of a public expenditure partitioning between categories that are preferred by voters in particular and categories that favour society at large, the model also shows that when voters/society have a preference bias towards current expenditures, the incumbent manipulates public expenditure composition favouring this category during the two tenure periods. If the voters/society preferences are prone to investment expenditures, the model shows a political budget cycle with an ambiguous sign. The second part proposes an empirical application of the theoretical model proposed in the first part, using data of European Union countries from 1970 through 2001. In contrast to some studies that indicate the absence of political budget cycles induced by electoral motives in developed countries, the empirical study shows that, in pre-election periods, central EU governments manipulate the composition of public budget. Through the use of an econometric technique referred to as “Pooled Mean Group Estimator”, two findings can be shown. Firstly, central governments increase the share of current expenditures in the public budget by decreasing capital spending near election periods. Secondly, the greater the relative importance of effective voters in population, the greater the share of expenditure items that are particularly favoured by voters. The third part describes a theoretical model aiming to discuss the optimal degree of government centralisation. It studies the welfare implications of different institutional architectures, from complete centralisation to varying degrees of subnational autonomy. The decentralised process proposed in the model can assume two forms: the implementation of isolated communities or definition of a region. A trade-off between cost-sharing provision of “government” and the loss that result from sharing it with individuals holding different preferences, is widely pondered. This model allows us to conclude that in the absence of inter-community compensatory transfers and in the presence of a unanimity voting system, stability and efficiency conditions are only guaranteed when communities are completely segregated or when there is centralised administration. When transfers between communities are allowed for, to ensure that none are at a disadvantage compared to centralisation, Pareto’s optimality is feasible through either regionalisation or complete segregation. However, a stable condition can only be ensured in the latter cas

    Determinação do azoto total num adubo (nitrato de cálcio e amónio) por termogravimetria

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    A acentuada diminuição da área arável per capita nas últimas décadas exige uma maior produtividade para os terrenos agrícolas. O acréscimo na produtividade é em parte conseguido pelo uso de adubos orgânicos e/ou inorgânicos. O consumo e consequente produção de adubos acompanham a tendência ditada pela necessidade de maximizar a produção agrícola. Recentes normas europeias exigem um controlo de qualidade rigoroso para os adubos em geral e em particular para os que tem um elevado teor em azoto. Para o nitrato de cálcio e amónio (NCa), essencial para a cultura de cereais, os teores em azoto nítrico e amoniacal tem de ser rigorosamente controlados dado que o nitrato de amónio pode ser usado na produção de explosivos. Na indústria o controlo de qualidade do NCa é feito por técnicas de análise volumétrica morosas e dispendiosas. Com o objectivo de seleccionar uma técnica mais expedita para o controlo de qualidade do NCa, várias amostras (sólidos granulares) comercializadas em Portugal e algumas de origem nórdica foram caracterizadas por difracção de raios x, espectroscopia do infravermelho por reflectância e termogravimetria. Todas as amostras foram previamente peneiradas de forma a obter a sua distribuição granulométrica. A difracção de raios X confirmou que as amostras eram semi-cristalinas, o que era previsível em face do processo de produção. A baixa cristalinidade não permitiu o cálculo dos parâmetros da rede cristalina que indicariam, ou não, a formação do sal duplo. A espectroscopia do infravermelho permitiu a identificação das bandas correspondentes aos dois nitratos. Os resultados da termogravimetria permitiram identificar os processos de desidratação e de decomposição dos dois nitratos. Numa só análise foi possível quantificar a água de cristalização, o azoto nítrico, o azoto amoniacal e o teor em CaO das amostras. Os resultados obtidos por termogravimetria mostraram elevada coerência com os análogos obtidos pelas técnicas clássicas de análise volumétrica. O teor em água de cristalização, obtido por TG, concorda com a estequiometria prevista para o nitrato duplo de cálcio e amónia (10 moléculas de água de hidratação). As réplicas efectuadas mostraram excelente reprodutibilidade da análise termogravimétrica das amostras de NCa. Não obstante o investimento inicial necessário, a termogravimetria afigura-se uma solução expedita para o controlo de qualidade do NCa na indústria

    Phototaxis beyond turning: persistent accumulation and response acclimation of the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii

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    Phototaxis is an important reaction to light displayed by a wide range of motile microorganisms. Flagellated eukaryotic microalgae in particular, like the model organism Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, steer either towards or away from light by a rapid and precisely timed modulation of their flagellar activity. Cell steering, however, is only the beginning of a much longer process which ultimately allows cells to determine their light exposure history. This process is not well understood. Here we present a first quantitative study of the long timescale phototactic motility of Chlamydomonas at both single cell and population levels. Our results reveal that the phototactic strategy adopted by these microorganisms leads to an efficient exposure to light, and that the phototactic response is modulated over typical timescales of tens of seconds. The adaptation dynamics for phototaxis and chlorophyll fluorescence show a striking quantitative agreement, suggesting that photosynthesis controls quantitatively how cells navigate a light field.Comment: Six pages, three figures, plus supplementary materia

    Shrinkage perceptions and smart growth strategies for the municipalities of Portugal

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    In the last decade, several Portuguese municipalities have faced population decline. This paper systematises the most implemented strategies by the Portuguese governments and identifies their results in dealing with population decline. Based on a survey of the most important newspapers and municipality websites, and by using economic and demographic annual data for 10 years (1999–2008), it was found that the majority of the municipalities have implemented strategies of “smart growth” and “smart shrinkage”, while the others have presented a misperception of shrinkage. The resilience capability of each municipality, in the adaption of the activities of primary and secondary sectors into the tertiary sector, was identified as an important factor for the success of smart growth strategies

    Elections and the public expenditure mix

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    The paper presents an intertemporal utility model that determines the effects of elections on the public expenditure composition. Conventional political budget cycle models describe incumbents as concerned only with the conditions that guarantee re-appointment. Aiming at achieving re-election, incumbents behave opportunistically in order to seduce voters about their political performance. The paper introduces another motivation for the manipulation of the public expenditure mix near elections: the incumbent’s concern with her future utility in the case of defeat. We provide data to suggest that both central and local governments in the European Union do manipulate the budget composition around election moments. In order to rationalise this observation, the paper proposes a model where voters and incumbent are rational, have complete information and no bias towards any category of public expenditure, namely consumption expenditure or investment expenditure. The paper shows that even under these extreme conditions, an electorally induced cycle on public expenditure mix is still expected, one where consumption expenditure raises relative to investment expenditure in pre-election periods. This opportunistic budget manipulation follows from two facts. First, any decision an incumbent makes on consumption expenditure pays back political dividends during the same period the expenditure is incurred, while any investment expenditure only becomes visible to voters with a one-period delay. Second, re-election is an uncertain event, which makes the second state of nature valuable. Outside politics, the incumbents’ pay back is a direct function of the voters’ assessment of the incumbents’ job while in office. The model is then extended to accommodate the scenario where voters and society at large do not share preferences. When voters or society evidence a preference prone to one of the public expenditure categories, a bias towards such category emerges in post-election periods. In pre-election periods two cases are found. Consumption expenditures exceed investment expenditures if either voters or society prefer the former category at the margin. The cycle’s nature is ambiguous if the marginal preferences of voters or society are biased towards investment expenditures. JEL classification: H50, E62. Keywords: Political Budget Cycles, Public Expenditure, Elections
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