Distinct expression profiles of TGF-β1 signaling mediators in pathogenic SIVmac and non-pathogenic SIVagm infections

BACKGROUND: The generalized T-cell activation characterizing HIV-1 and SIVmac infections in humans and macaques (MACs) is not found in the non-pathogenic SIVagm infection in African green monkeys (AGMs). We have previously shown that TGF-β1, Foxp3 and IL-10 are induced very early after SIVagm infection. In SIVmac-infected MACs, plasma TGF-β1 induction persists during primary infection [1]. We raised the hypothesis that MACs are unable to respond to TGF-β1 and thus cannot resorb virus-driven inflammation. We therefore compared the very early expression dynamics of pro- and anti-inflammatory markers as well as of factors involved in the TGF-β1 signaling pathway in SIV-infected AGMs and MACs. METHODS: Levels of transcripts encoding for pro- and anti-inflammatory markers (tnf-α, ifn-γ, il-10, t-bet, gata-3) as well as for TGF-β1 signaling mediators (smad3, smad4, smad7) were followed by real time PCR in a prospective study enrolling 6 AGMs and 6 MACs. RESULTS: During primary SIVmac infection, up-regulations of tnf-α, ifn-γ and t-bet responses (days 1–16 p.i.) were stronger whereas il-10 response was delayed (4(th )week p.i.) compared to SIVagm infection. Up-regulation of smad7 (days 3–8 p.i.), a cellular mediator inhibiting the TGF-β1 signaling cascade, characterized SIV-infected MACs. In AGMs, we found increases of gata-3 but not t-bet, a longer lasting up-regulation of smad4 (days 1–21 p.i), a mediator enhancing TGF-β1 signaling, and no smad7 up-regulations. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the inability to resorb virus-driven inflammation and activation during the pathogenic HIV-1/SIVmac infections is associated with an unresponsiveness to TGF-β1

International AIDS Society global scientific strategy: towards an HIV cure 2016

Antiretroviral therapy is not curative. Given the challenges in providing life-long therapy to a global population of over 35 million people living with HIV, there is intense interest in developing a cure for HIV infection. The International AIDS Society convened a group of international experts to develop a scientific strategy for research towards an HIV cure. This Perspective summarizes the group's strategy

International AIDS Society global scientific strategy: towards an HIV cure 2016

Antiretroviral therapy is not curative. Given the challenges in providing lifelong therapy to a global population of more than 35 million people living with HIV, there is intense interest in developing a cure for HIV infection. The International AIDS Society convened a group of international experts to develop a scientific strategy for research towards an HIV cure. This Perspective summarizes the group's strategy

L'infection non-pathogène SIVagm chez le singe vert d'afrique (étude de la réplication et de la dissémination virale)

CHATENAY M.-PARIS 11-BU Pharma. (920192101) / SudocPARIS-BIUP (751062107) / SudocSudocFranceF

Régulation de l'inflammation au cours des phases précoces des infections VIH-1/SIV chez les progresseurs lents ou non progresseurs

PARIS7-Bibliothèque centrale (751132105) / SudocSudocFranceF

Contribution des modèles du macaque rhésus infecté par un SIV sauvage ou atténué à la compréhension de la dynamique lymphocytaire lors de l'infection de l'homme par le VIH (importance de l'apport thymique)

Dans le modèle du macaque rhésus infecté par un SIV pathogène de type sauvage, nous avons éprouvé l'hypothèse de l'épuisement des capacités prolifératives comme cause possible du déclin du nombre de lymphocytes T CD4-K Dans une seconde étude, nous avons évalué la pathogénicité à long-terme d'un virus atténué, ainsi que la dynamique lymphocytaire au cours d'une telle infection. Nous montrons qu'au cours de l'infection, le nombre de lymphocytes T CD8+ activés augmente progressivement dans le sang et dans les ganglions des animaux infectés par un SIV sauvage. Cette augmentation est corrélée avec la replication virale et l'évolution vers un SIDA. En revanche, nous n'observons aucune augmentation du nombre de lymphocytes T CD4+ en cycle. Ainsi, ces résultats mettent en évidence des comportements distincts des populations lymphocytaires T CD4+ et CD8+ suite à une activation, Lors de l'infection du macaque par un SIV atténué, nous montrons qu'en dépit d'une réplication virale très faible, ce virus conserve des propriétés pathogènes. La réplication virale, ainsi que l'activation de lymphocytes T CD8+ corrèlent positivement avec la vitesse d'évolution vers la maladie. Alors que l'apport thymique en lymphocytes T CD8+ est globalement augmenté, une relation très significative existe entre l'apport thymique en lymphocytes T CD4+ dans le sang périphérique et la non-progression vers la maladie. Globalement, nos données suggèrent que l'apport thymique en nouveaux lymphocytes T serait un facteur déterminant dans l'immunopathologie qui mène au SIDA.PARIS7-Bibliothèque centrale (751132105) / SudocSudocFranceF

Recherche d'éléments déterminants de l'infection par le VIH-1 au Vietnam

TOURS-BU Médecine (372612103) / SudocPARIS-BIUP (751062107) / SudocSudocFranceF

Population-Based Sequencing of the V3 Region of env for Predicting the Coreceptor Usage of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Quasispecies

Genotypic population-based methods could be faster and less expensive than phenotypic recombinant assays for determining human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) coreceptor usage in patient samples, but their clinical use requires good genotype-phenotype correlation and concordance with clonal analyses. We have assessed these requirements by clonal analysis of the V1 to V3 env PCR products of 26 patients infected with subtype B HIV-1. We used the resulting set of molecular clones, all sequenced and characterized using a single-cycle recombinant virus phenotypic entry assay, to reevaluate genotype-phenotype correlations. Combining the previously described 11/25 and net charge rules for the V3 genotype improved the prediction of HIV-1 coreceptor usage. We also evaluated the concordance of population-based and clonal analyses for predicting the coreceptor usage of HIV-1 quasispecies. Our population-based recombinant phenotypic assay and direct sequencing of V3 were similarly sensitive for detecting the presence of minor species in the virus population, and both correlated well with clonal analysis. The improved genotype-phenotype correlation obtained by combining two simple genotypic rules and the good concordance with clonal analyses suggest that direct sequencing of V3 is a valuable alternative to population-based recombinant phenotypic assays

env Sequences of Simian Immunodeficiency Viruses from Chimpanzees in Cameroon Are Strongly Related to Those of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Group N from the Same Geographic Area

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) group N from Cameroon is phylogenetically close, in env, to the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) cpz-gab from Gabon and SIVcpz-US of unknown geographic origin. We screened 29 wild-born Cameroonian chimpanzees and found that three (Cam3, Cam4, and Cam5) were positive for HIV-1 by Western blotting. Mitochondrial DNA sequence analysis demonstrated that Cam3 and Cam5 belonged to Pan troglodytes troglodytes and that Cam4 belonged to P. t. vellerosus. Genetic analyses of the viruses together with serological data demonstrated that at least one of the two P. t. troglodytes chimpanzees (Cam5) was infected in the wild, and revealed a horizontal transmission between Cam3 and Cam4. These data confirm that P. t. troglodytes is a natural host for HIV-1-related viruses. Furthermore, they show that SIVcpz can be transmitted in captivity, from one chimpanzee subspecies to another. All three SIVcpz-cam viruses clustered with HIV-1 N in env. The full Cam3 SIVcpz genome sequence showed a very close phylogenetic relationship with SIVcpz-US, a virus identified in a P. t. troglodytes chimpanzee captured nearly 40 years earlier. Like SIVcpz-US, SIVcpz-cam3 was closely related to HIV-1 N in env, but not in pol, supporting the hypothesis that HIV-1 N results from a recombination event. SIVcpz from chimpanzees born in the wild in Cameroon are thus strongly related in env to HIV-1 N from Cameroon, demonstrating the geographic coincidence of these human and simian viruses and providing a further strong argument in favor of the origin of HIV-1 being in chimpanzees