Risk factors that may signify a propensity to the use of drugs in students at a public university

Introduction: We sought to evaluate the risk factors that may increase the propensity to use licit and illicit drugs among students at a public university. Methods: The project involved students (n = 268) enrolled in the first and fourth years of courses in the areas of the social and biological sciences at a public university. Data collection was conducted by means of self-administered, semistructured questionnaires, based on such standardized assessment instruments as Audit, Assist, Cage and Duse. Collected data were analyzed quantitatively by calculating the percentages and evaluating the data in terms of categories of risk, classifying them by age, gender, religion, schooling, use (before or after entering university) and contexts of use. By means of this survey the researchers were able to correlate the use of drugs to the risk factors that might increase the students’ propensity to use these substances. Results: The results revealed a high proportion of current drug-using students, but showed no significant differences between the first and fourth year students as regards contexts of use. However, 67% of students regarded the university environment as encouraging the use of drugs. Students pointed to such major risk factors as friends’ and fellow-students’ influence, university parties, excessive curiosity and desire to experiment. Conclusion: Due to the high rate of drug use among university students, by the determination of the risk factors related to the university environment and also knowing that the process of addiction is one of growing chemical dependence, the importance of the development and implementation of public health policies at all levels, especially in terms of approaches and specific interventions addressing this population, should be noted

Comparison between the six-minute walk test and the six-minute step test in post stroke patients

Abstract\ud \ud \ud \ud Background\ud The Stroke remains one of the major chronic diseases worldwide, and is considered a major cause of disability, which results not only in persistent neurological deficits, but also in the high physical deconditioning, nevertheless there are not many forms of assessing functional capacity in this population. We aimed to investigate the feasibility of the Six Minute Walk Teste and the Six-Minute Step Test (6MST) in post-stroke patients and compare the behavior of physiological variables during the 6MST and the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), by correlating the functional performance obtained in both tests.\ud \ud \ud \ud Method\ud The 6MWT was carried out according to the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the 6MST was performed in six minutes in order to compare it to the 6MWT in a 20 cm step. Was included post-stroke individuals able to walk without aid. All of them did the 6MWT and the 6MST.\ud \ud \ud \ud Results\ud 12 patients participated in the study. There was no statistical difference in the parameters analyzed when tests were compared. There was poor correlation between the functional performance in both tests.\ud \ud \ud \ud Conclusion\ud The 6MWT and the 6MST is feasible for post-stroke patients and physiological responses are equal during the performance of both tests. However, there was no correlation with respect to functional performance, which was assessed by the distance walked in the 6MWT and by the number of steps climbed in the 6MST.This study received financial support from Núcleo de Estudos, Pesquisas e Assessoria à Saúde da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC (NEPASFMABC).This study received financial support from Núcleo de Estudos, Pesquisas e Assessoria à Saúde da Faculdade de Medicina do ABC (NEPAS-FMABC)

Effects of high and mild exercise training on pulmonary emphysema

INTRODUÇÃO: Em pacientes com doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica a reabilitação pulmonar tem demonstrado ser efetiva sobre diversos aspectos, incluindo a melhora física e emocional nas atividades diárias com conseqüente melhora da qualidade de vida e diminuição da dispnéia. Embora os resultados benéficos da atividade física estejam bem documentados, não se sabe, ao certo, os efeitos do exercício físico sobre a lesão pulmonar em pacientes enfisematosos. OBJETIVO: Verificar o efeito pulmonar de dois protocolos de atividade física (intensidade leve-moderada e alta), em ratos Wistar com enfisema pulmonar induzido pela administração intratraqueal de papaína. MÉTODOS: Os animais foram divididos em 5 grupos. Destes, 3 grupos receberam administração intratraqueal de solução de papaína, sendo que um deles permaneceu sedentário (PS) e os outros dois realizaram atividade física intensa (PHE) ou moderada (PME) por 10 semanas após a instalação do enfisema (40 dias após a instilação). O mesmo aconteceu com o grupo que recebeu solução salina (NaCl 0,9%), sendo que um deles permaneceu sedentário (SS) e o outro realizou atividade física intensa (SHE). Foram realizadas medidas de função pulmonar, medidas morfométricas, de densidade de fibras colágenas e elásticas e avaliação imuno-histoquímica da expressão de isoprostano-8 no tecido pulmonar. RESULTADOS: Houve aumento significativo nos valores de intercepto linear médio (Lm) nos três grupos que receberam papaína, evidenciando a presença de enfisema pulmonar. O grupo PHE mostrou um aumento maior dos valores de Lm quando comparado os grupos PS e PME (p < 0,001). Também foram observados valores da elastância do sistema respiratório significativamente menores nos grupos que receberam instilação de solução de papaína (PS, PME e PHE), comparados aos grupos que receberam instilação de solução salina (SS e SHE) (p < 0,001). Os grupos que receberam solução de papaína mostraram um discreto aumento na proporção do volume de fibras colágenas quando comparados com os animais que receberam solução salina (SS e SHE) (p = 0.049). CONCLUSÃO: A atividade física intensa piorou a destruição alveolar em nosso modelo de enfisema pulmonar em ratos, sem efeito no remodelamento e na função pulmonar.INTRODUTION: In patients with pulmonary obstructive chronic disease the pulmonary rehabilitation has shown to be effective in several aspects, including the physical and emotional improvement in the daily activities with consequent improvement in quality of life and the decrease of dyspnea. Although the favorable results of the physical activity are well established, it is uncertain the effects of the physical activities on the pulmonary injury in patients with enphysema. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate if physical exercise of different intensity (moderate and high-intensity) have different effects on the development of protease-induced emphysema in rats. METHODS: The animals were divided in five groups. From this, three groups received intratracheal instillation of papain, being that one of them remained sedentary (PS) and the other two performed intense physical activity (PHE) or moderate (PME) for ten weeks after the installation of emphysema (40 days after the instalation). The same happened to the group that received saline solution (NaCl 0.9%), one of that remained sedentary (SS) and the other one performed intense physical activity (SHE). We performed measurements of pulmonary function, lung morphometry, density of collagen and elastic fibers and the expression of 8-isoprostane in the pulmonary issue. RESULTS: There was significant increase in the values of the mean linear intercept. There was significant increase in the values of the mean linear intercept (Lm) in the three groups that received papaina, making evident the presence of pulmonary emphysema. The group PHE shows a major increase in the values of Lm when compared with the groups PS and PME (p < 0.001). We also observed significant minor elastance values of the respiratory system in the groups that received solution of papain-instilation (PS, PME e PHE), compared with the groups that received saline solution (SS e SHE) (p < 0.001). The groups that received papain-solution showed a discreet increase in the proportion of the value of collagen fibers when compared to the animals that received saline solution (SS e SHE) (p = 0.049). CONCLUSION: The intense physical activity worsens the alveolar destruction in our model of pulmonary enphysema in rats, without effect in the pulmonary remodeling and in the pulmonary function

Effects of auditory stimulation with music of different intensities on heart period

Various studies have indicated that music therapy with relaxant music improves cardiac function of patients treated with cardiotoxic medication and heavy-metal music acutely reduces heart rate variability (HRV). There is also evidence that white noise auditory stimulation above 50 dB causes cardiac autonomic responses. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the acute effects of musical auditory stimulation with different intensities on cardiac autonomic regulation. This study was performed on 24 healthy women between 18 and 25 years of age. We analyzed HRV in the time [standard deviation of normal-to-normal RR intervals (SDNN), percentage of adjacent RR intervals with a difference of duration >50 ms (pNN50), and root-mean square of differences between adjacent normal RR intervals in a time interval (RMSSD)] and frequency [low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), and LF/HF ratio] domains. HRV was recorded at rest for 10 minutes. Subsequently, the volunteers were exposed to baroque or heavy-metal music for 5 minutes through an earphone. The volunteers were exposed to three equivalent sound levels (60–70, 70–80, and 80–90 dB). After the first baroque or heavy-metal music, they remained at rest for 5 minutes and then they were exposed to the other music. The sequence of songs was randomized for each individual. Heavy-metal musical auditory stimulation at 80–90 dB reduced the SDNN index compared with control (44.39 ± 14.40 ms vs. 34.88 ± 8.69 ms), and stimulation at 60–70 dB decreased the LF (ms2) index compared with control (668.83 ± 648.74 ms2 vs. 392.5 ± 179.94 ms2). Baroque music at 60–70 dB reduced the LF (ms2) index (587.75 ± 318.44 ms2 vs. 376.21 ± 178.85 ms2). In conclusion, heavy-metal and baroque musical auditory stimulation at lower intensities acutely reduced global modulation of the heart and only heavy-metal music reduced HRV at higher intensities

Influence of chronic exposure to exercise on heart rate variability in children and adolescents affected by obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Background: Sedentary lifestyles are increasingly common amongst children, and insufficient physical activity is a global epidemic estimated to contribute to future incapacities and potential deaths. Objective: We aimed to increase the amount of evidence concerning the effect of chronic exposure to exercise on heart rate variability in children and adolescents affected by obesity. Methods: A systematic review commenced following the PRISMA guidelines developed by Web of Science, Virtual Health Library, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, Ovid, Medline Complete, and Scopus using keywords obtained from the Descriptors in Health Sciences and Medical Subject Headlines (MeSH) terms. We considered (1) Population: Pediatric individuals affected by obesity; (2) Intervention: Exercise; (3) Control: Pre-intervention and sedentary; (4) Outcomes: Clearly presented primary parameters; and (5) Studies: Clinical trials, case controls, case reports, and case series. Results: 11 articles were involved and predominantly included procedures observed during approximately 12 weeks with a distribution of three sessions per week, each session being 30–60 min of aerobic exercise; additionally, the exercise grades were typically completed at a percentage of subjects’ maximum heart rates. The meta-analyses displayed a significant effect on the domains of time (R-R interval, SDNN, rMSSD), frequency (HF ms2, HF (n.u.), LF/HF), and the non-linear index (SD1). Conclusions: Chronic exposure to exercise influences heart rate variability in children and adolescents affected by obesity by elevating the variability and parasympathetic activity and improving the sympathetic-vagal balance. Exercises should be recommended for the improvement of cardiac autonomic modulation to prevent the likelihood of further chronic diseases

Cardiac autonomic responses induced by mental tasks and the influence of musical auditory stimulation

We investigated the acute effects of musical auditory stimulation on cardiac autonomic responses to a mental task in 28 healthy men (18–22 years old). In the control protocol (no music), the volunteers remained at seated rest for 10 min and the test was applied for five minutes. After the end of test the subjects remained seated for five more minutes. In the music protocol, the volunteers remained at seated rest for 10 min, then were exposed to music for 10 min; the test was then applied over five minutes, and the subjects remained seated for five more minutes after the test. In the control and music protocols the time domain and frequency domain indices of heart rate variability remained unchanged before, during and after the test. We found that musical auditory stimulation with baroque music did not influence cardiac autonomic responses to the mental task

Comparison between the six-minute walk test and the six-minute step test in post stroke patients

Abstract Background The Stroke remains one of the major chronic diseases worldwide, and is considered a major cause of disability, which results not only in persistent neurological deficits, but also in the high physical deconditioning, nevertheless there are not many forms of assessing functional capacity in this population. We aimed to investigate the feasibility of the Six Minute Walk Teste and the Six-Minute Step Test (6MST) in post-stroke patients and compare the behavior of physiological variables during the 6MST and the Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT), by correlating the functional performance obtained in both tests. Method The 6MWT was carried out according to the American Thoracic Society (ATS) and the 6MST was performed in six minutes in order to compare it to the 6MWT in a 20 cm step. Was included post-stroke individuals able to walk without aid. All of them did the 6MWT and the 6MST. Results 12 patients participated in the study. There was no statistical difference in the parameters analyzed when tests were compared. There was poor correlation between the functional performance in both tests. Conclusion The 6MWT and the 6MST is feasible for post-stroke patients and physiological responses are equal during the performance of both tests. However, there was no correlation with respect to functional performance, which was assessed by the distance walked in the 6MWT and by the number of steps climbed in the 6MST