The role of pre-1945 national and catholic myths in transforming an illiberal Polish political culture into a liberal political culture of opposition under communism

This thesis was submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and awarded by Brunel University, 06/08/2002.The thesis, in exploring how and why illiberal pre-1945 Polish nationalism and political Catholicism were synthesised into a post-1945 liberal political culture of opposition under communism, argues that this process was much aided by universal myths. The thesis shows how these myths enable political culture to be transmitted over time and to be adapted to take on different values and yet retain legitimacy. In so doing, the research may contribute insights into how the political cultures of other Central East European countries were similarly transformed. Chapter 1 argues that the social anthropological literature on myths provides a theoretical framework to better understand the nature of political culture, its dynamics and its relationship with the process of democratisation. Chapter 2 maps the pre-1945 territory of nationalist and political Catholic illiberal and liberal discourse as reflected in the genesis and meanings of key myths. Chapter 3, in exploring how pre-1945 myths were deployed in 1945-1989 Poland, illuminates the relationship of myths with the dynamics of political culture and democratisation. Chapter 4 explores the 1970-1976 process of dialogue between liberal-leaning dissident Catholic and secular left Polish intelligentsia. The chapter sheds light upon the emergence of a liberal political culture of opposition and argues that the dialogue went beyond expediency. Chapter 5, in demonstrating how and why John Paul II deployed pre-1945 myths, argues that the Pope's preachings found practical expression in the formation of Solidarity. Chapter 6 in exploring the role of pre-1945 myths in influencing Solidarity, argues that these myths acted as vehicles for the union's liberal political culture. Finally Chapter 7 draws together the conclusions of the thesis

Souvenir Pictures, 15 Views, Sanford, Florida

Souvenir pack of photographs of Sanford, Florida, from around 1924. The images are printed on 8 cm. x 10 cm. cards and enclosed within a foldable fox. Images include the Sanford Public Library, First National Bank of Sanford, the St. Johns River, Atlantic Hotel, celery growing and harvesting, the Montezuma Hotel, Valdez Hotel, the Wekiva River, First Street, the Steamer Osceola, and Sanford High School

Studies on the reverse antibiotic natural products, the nybomycins

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is likely to be one of the greatest challenges faced by humanity and if nothing changes it is projected to kill one person every 5 seconds by 2050. Despite this, there are few new therapeutic options in development and so there is a need for new solutions to be identified. One new strategy is the reverse antibiotic approach originally published by Akamatsu and co-workers. Here treatment with the first antibiotic leads to resistance so a new antibiotic is needed. Resistance to the second antibiotic can only be achieved by a back-mutation thus re-sensitising the bacteria to the first antibiotic. The bacteria will be trapped in an ‘evolutionary loop’ where it will always be sensitive to either the first or second antibiotic. Work outlined in this thesis will look to investigate and develop one of the key series of antibiotics in the reverse antibiotic approach, the Nybomycin family of natural products. A new robust and scalable synthetic route that facilitated the synthesis of the best literature compound DNM-2, as well as novel analogues to probe the SAR, is reported. The whole cell inhibition of these compounds is reported as well as selected analogue’s enzymatic inhibition of the key biological targets. The ability of the series to inhibit Gram-negative bacteria was also explored and led to the discovery that the series is a substrate for efflux via the AcrAB/TolC efflux channel. However, the compounds are active in E. coli if TolC or AcrB is removed. After initial profiling, aqueous solubility was found to be the major hurdle in the development of the series. This was addressed using medicinal chemistry techniques as well as computational chemistry to aid in the design of novel analogues. This led to the discovery of 6DNM-2-L1A, the most potent and soluble analogue tested to date.Open Acces