Marketing studies the fitcentre with the intention of women

katedra: KTV;Vytvořit marketingovou studii posilovny KTV se zaměřením na ženy studující Technickou univerzitu v Liberci

GENETIC DIVERSITY IN CZECH HAFLINGER HORSES

The Haflinger as a small moutain horse breed originated from the South Tyrol district as a cross of Alpen Mountain breeds with Araber. This breed was expanding to Czech Republic during the last 25 years. The aim of this study was to analyse genetic diversity within the population using microsatellite markers. A total of 95 alleles have been detected. The highest frequency 88.18% showed allele 101 (HTG 6). The heterosigosity varied from 0.25 (HTG 6) to 0.84 (VHL 20), genetic diversity reached 0.6–0.8. The heterozygosity of the whole population studied is FIS= -0.013. The average effective number of allele per locus was 2.93 with standard deviation 1.54, with minimal and maximal level 1.30 and 7.83, respectively. Average polymorphism information content per locus was 0.608 with standard derivation 0.146, with minimal and maximal level 0.208 and 0.824, respectively. The results showed that breeding program of Czech Haflinger is optimal, including optimized mating strategies. The diversity of the population Czech Haflinger, based on a small number of microsatellites, seems to be sufficient

Genetic variability analysis of 26 sheep breeds in the Czech Republic.

In this study, the intra- and inter-population level of genetic diversity of 26 transboundary and local sheep breeds reared in the Czech Republic was analysed. A total of 14,999 animals genotyped for 11 microsatellite markers were included to describe the gene pool of the breeds. The level of genetic diversity was derived from the proportion of heterozygous animals among and within breeds. The average polymorphic information content (0.745) and Shannon’s index (1.361) showed a high genetic variability of the applied set of genetic markers. The average observed heterozygosity (0.683 ± 0.009), as well as FIS index (-0.025 ± 0.004), pointed to a sufficient proportion of heterozygotes concerning the loss of genetic diversity. The deficit of heterozygotes was most evident in Cameroon sheep (FIS = 0.036). The Nei's genetic distances and Wright's FST indexes showed that the analysed breeds are genetically differentiated to separate clusters with Cameroon sheep as the most genetically distant breed. Individual variation accounted for 83.2 % of total diversity conserved across breeds, whereas 16.8 % of genetic similarity resulted from the inter-population reduction in heterozygosity.Keywords: microsatellite analysis, genetic diversity, sheep, transboundary and local breedReferencesBravo, S. et al. (2019). Genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationship among araucana creole sheep and Spanish sheep breeds. Small Ruminant Research, 172, 23–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2019.01.007Chessa, B. et al. (2009). Revealing the history of sheep domestication using retrovirus integrations. Science, 324(5926), 532–536. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1170587Faigl, V. et al. (2012). Artificial insemination of small ruminants - A review. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 60(1), 115–129. https://doi.org/10.1556/AVet.2012.010FAO. (2007). The State of the World’s Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture. Edited by D. P. Barbara Rischkowsky. Rome, Italy.FAO. (2020). Domestic Animal Diversity Information System. Retrieved from http://www.fao.org/dad-is/transboundary-breed/en/Gaouar, S. B. S., Kdidi, S. and Ouragh, L. (2016). Estimating population structure and genetic diversity of five Moroccan sheep breeds by microsatellite markers. Small Ruminant Research, 144, 23–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.07.021Hennink, S. and Zeven, A. C. (1990). The interpretation of Nei and Shannon-Weaver within population variation indices. Euphytica, 51(3), 235–240. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00039724Hoda, A. and Bytyqi, H. (2017). Genetic diversity of sheep breeds from Albania and Kosova by microsatellite markers and mtDNA. Albanian Journal of Agricultural Science, 13-17.Jawasreh, K. et al. (2018). Genetic diversity and population structure of local and exotic sheep breeds in Jordan using microsatellites markers. Veterinary World, 11(6), 778–781. https://doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2018.778-781Jyotsana, B. et al. (2010). Genetic features of Patanwadi, Marwari and Dumba ssheep breeds (India) inferred bymicrosatellite markers. Small Ruminant Research, 93(1), 57–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2010.03.008Kalinowski, S. T., Taper, M. L. and Marshall, T. C. (2007). Revising how the computer program CERVUS accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment. Molecular Ecology, 16(5), 1099–1106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03089.xLoukovitis, D. et al. (2016). Genetic diversity of Greek sheep breeds and transhumant populations utilizing microsatellite markers. Small Ruminant Research, 136, 238–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.02.008Mahmoud, A. H. et al. (2020). Genetic variability of sheep populations of Saudi Arabia using microsatellite markers. Indian Journal of Animal Research, 54(4), 409-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.18805/ijar.B-775Moravčíková, N. et al. (2016). Genetic diversity of Old Kladruber and Nonius horse populations through microsatellite variation analysis. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica, Supplement 5, 45–49.Naqvi, A. N. et al. (2017). Assessment of genetic diversity and structure of major sheep breeds from Pakistan. Small Ruminant Research, 148, 72–79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.12.032Nei, M. (1978). Estimation of average heterozygosity and genetic distance from a small number of individuals. Genetics, 89(3), 583-590.Neubauer, V. et al. (2015). Genetic diversity and population structure of Zackel sheep and other Hungarian sheep breeds. Archives Animal Breeding, 58(2), 343–50. https://doi.org/10.5194/aab-58-343-2015Niu, L. L. et al. (2012). Genetic variability and individual assignment of Chinese indigenous sheep populations (Ovis aries) using microsatellites. Animal Genetics, 43(1), 108–111. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2011.02212.xOcampo, R. J. et al. (2017). Genetic characterization of Colombian indigenous ssheep. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias, 30(2), 116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.rccp.v30n2a03Othman, O. E. M. et al. (2016). Sheep diversity of five Egyptian breeds: Genetic proximity revealed between desert breeds: Local sheep breeds diversity in Egypt. Small Ruminant Research, 144, 346–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.10.020Peakall, R. and Smouse, P. E. (2012). GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research-an update. Bioinformatics, 28(19), 2537–2539. https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460Peakall, R. and Smouse, P. E. (2006). Genalex 6: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for teaching and research. Molecular Ecology Notes, 6(1), 288–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.xPeter, C. et al. (2007). Genetic diversity and subdivision of 57 European and Middle-Eastern ssheep breeds. Animal Genetics, 38(1), 37–44. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2052.2007.01561.xPichler, R. et al. (2017). Short tandem repeat (STR) based genetic diversity and relationship of domestic sheep breeds with primitive wild Punjab Urial sheep (Ovis vignei punjabiensis). Small Ruminant Research, 148, 11–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2016.12.024Qwabe, S. O., van Marle-Köster, E. and Visser, C. (2013). Genetic diversity and population structure of the endangered Namaqua Afrikaner ssheep. Tropical Animal Health and Production, 45(2), 511–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11250-012-0250-xRaoul, J. and Elsen, J.-M. (2020). Effect of the rate of artificial insemination and paternity knowledge on the genetic gain for French meat sheep breeding programs. Livestock Science, 232, 103932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2020.103932Raymond, M. and Rousset, F. (1995). GENEPOP (Version 1.2): Population genetics software for exact tests and ecumenicism. Journal of Heredity, 86(3), 248–249. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a111573Rousset, F. (2008). Genepop’007: a complete re-implementation of the GENEPOP software for Windows and Linux. Molecular Ecology Resources, 8(1), 103–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01931.xTaberlet, P. et al. (2008). Are cattle, sheep, and goats endangered species? Molecular Ecology, 17(1), 275–284. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294x.2007.03475.Tolone, M. et al. (2012). Genetic diversity and population structure of Sicilian sheep breeds using microsatellite markers. Small Ruminant Research, 102(1), 18-25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.09.010Vahidi, S. M. F. et al. (2016). Multilocus genotypic data reveal high genetic diversity and low population genetic structure of Iranian indigenous sheep. Animal Genetics, 47(4), 463–470. https://doi.org/10.1111/age.12429Weir, B. S. and Cockerham, C. C. (1984). Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution, 38(6), 1358–1370. https://doi.org/10.2307/2408641

QUANTITATIVE ASPECTS OF COAT COLOR IN OLD KLADRUBER BLACK HORSES

Base economic characteristics (total revenues, total costs, profit and profitability ratio) of the Slovak Pinzgau breed were calculated in this study. Under the actual production and economic conditions of the breed, production system is operated with loss (-457 € per cow and per year) and with negative profitability ratio (-20%). Optimisation of the production parameters on the level defined in the breed standard (5,200 kg milk per cow and year, 92% for conception rate of cows, 404 days of calving interval and 550 g in daily gain of reared heifers) and improved udder health traits (clinical mastitis incidence and somatic cells score) was of positive impact on the total revenues (+34%), on the effective utilisation of costs (+105%) and balanced profit of dairy systems. Next to the positive profitability of the system, higher quality and security of dairy milk products should be mentioned there. Moreover, direct subsidies as an important factor of positive economic result of dairy cattle systems has to be pointed as well. Subsidies should be provided to compensate the real biological limitation of the local breed farmed in marginal areas. However, improvement of the production parameters of the Slovak Pinzgau breed is recommended with the same attention to reach the economic sustainability of dairy production system. To reach economic sustainability of the breed from practical point of view, the farmer activity should be aimed especially to the enhanced herd management

Genetic diversity in five Czech native horse breeds assessed using microsatellite markers

Received: 2018-05-07 | Accepted: 2018-05-14 | Available online: 2018-11-26https://doi.org/10.15414/afz.2018.21.04.190-193The aim of the present study was to analyse the genetic diversity of the endangered horse breeds kept in the Czech Republic. A set of 13 microsatellites was used for genotyping 349 Silesian Norikers, 397 Norikers, 552 Czech-Moravian Belgian horses, 271 Old Kladrubers (175 greys, 95 blacks) and 241 Hucul horses. The proportion of obtained heterozygosity indicates no major loss of genetic diversity within analyzed breeds. The Wright’s FST and genetic distances indicated genetic segregation of both colour varieties of the Old Kladruber breed and small genetic distances between draft horse breeds. Moreover, the membership probability outputs showed that the frequencies of alleles varied across the three main regions. First region is represented by draft horse breeds, second region is represented by Old Kladruber horse and the last is represented by Hucul breed. The study provides data and information utilizable in the management of conservation programs in order to reduce inbreeding and to minimize loss of genetic variability.Keywords: admixture, endangered breeds, horse, loss of genetic diversityReferencesDelgado J.F., De Andres N., Valera M., Gutierrez J.P., Cervantes I. (2014) Assessment of population structure depending on breeding objectives in Spanish Arabian horse by genealogical and molecular information. Livestock Science, 168, 9–16. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2014.07.012Jombart T., Ahmed I. (2011) adegenet 1.3-1: new tools for the analysis of genome-wide SNP data. Bioinformatics, 27, 3070–3071. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btr521 Jombart T., Collins C. (2015): A tutorial for diskriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) using adegenet 2.0.0. MRC Centre for Outbreak Analysis and Modelling. [Online] London: Imperial College London. Available at: http://adegenet.rforge. r-project.org/files/tutorial-dapc.pdf [accessed 20 November 2017].Kasarda R., Vostry L., Moravcikova N., Vostra-Vydrova H., Dovc P., Kadlecik O. (2016) Detailed insight into genetic diversity of the Old Kladruber horse substructure in comparison to the Lipizzan breed. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A – Animal Science, 66, 67–74. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064702.2016.1249400Peakall, R. and Smouse P.E. (2012) GenAlEx 6.5: genetic analysis in Excel. Population genetic software for taching and research-an update. Bioinformatics 28, 2537-2539. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/bts460Szwaczkowski T., Gregula-Kania M., Stachurska A., Borowska A., Jaworski Z., Gruszecki T.M. (2016) Interand intra-genetic diversity in the Polish Konik horse: implications for the conservation program. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 96 (4), 570–580. DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2015-017

Coordinated visual style of organization + web

Tématem mé bakalářské práce je jednotný vizuální styl Základní školy ve Strašicích. Cílem bylo navrhnout jednoduché a zapamatovatelný vizuální styl. Jednotný vizuální styl by měl školu zviditelnit a pomoci jí komunikovat s veřejností. Výsledkem mé práce je logo, grafický manuál, prezentační plakát a web. Věřím, že tyto práce bude pro další školy inspirací, aby si vytvořili svůj vlastní vizuální styl.ObhájenoThe topic of my bachelor's thesis is the uniform visual style of the Elementary School in Strašice. The goal was to design a simple and memorable visual style. A unified visual style should make the school visible and help it communicate with the public. The result of my work is a logo, logo manual, presentation poster and website. I believe that these works will be an inspiration for other schools to create their own visual style

Population studies of Czech Sport Pony

Received: 2016-11-07 | Accepted: 2016-11-18 | Available online: 2017-12-31http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2017.20.04.84-89Population study of Czech Sport Pony breed was carried out based on pedigree information of animals registered in the Studbook. Pedigree records collected from the year 1972 to 2016 comprised information on 12548 animals used in the analyses. The pedigree depth of the analysed individuals was relatively low (3.7 generations). The mean value of inbreeding coefficient was 0.3 % (with maximum value 26 %). The proportion of non-inbreed animals was high (80 %). The average rate of inbreeding in the reference population was lower than 1 %, and the estimates of effective population sizes were relatively high (789). The presented paper is indicating that genetic diversity in the Czech Sport Pony breeds is still relatively high. However the available genetic variability in the Czech Sport Pony breed as an open population with continuous migration and gene flow was lower than was expected. Active management of the future rate of inbreeding is necessary for this breed.Keywords: inbreeding, rate of inbreeding, effective populations, open populationReferencesÁLVAREZ, I. et al. (2008) Relationship between genealogical and microsatellite information characterizing losses of genetic variability: Empirical evidence from the rare Xalda sheep breed. Livest. Sci., vol. 115, pp. 80–88. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.06.009BOICHARD, D. et al., (1997) The value of using probabilities of gene origin to measure genetic variability in a population. Genet. Sel. Evol., vol .29, pp. 5–23. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/gse:19970101CABALLERO, A. (1994) Developments in the prediction of effictive population size. Heredity, vol. 73, pp. 657-679. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/hdy.1994.174CABALLERO, A. and TORO, M. A. (2000) Interrelations between effective population size and other pedigree tools for the management of conserved populations. Genet. Res. vol., 75, pp. 331–343.CABALLERO, A. and TORO, M. A. (2002) Analysis of genetic diversity for the management of conserved subdivided populations. Conserv. Genet., vol. 3, pp. 289–299.CERVANTES, I. et al. (2011) Estimation of effective population size from the rate of coancestry in pedigreed populations: Effective population size from rate of coancestry. J. Anim. Breed. Genet., vol. 128, pp. 56–63. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2010.00881.xCERVANTES, I. et al. (2008) Population history and genetic variability in the Spanish Arab Horse assessed via pedigree analysis. Livest. Sci., vol. 113. pp. 24–33. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2007.02.011CURIK, I. (2003) Inbreeding, Microsatellite Heterozygosity, and Morphological Traits in Lipizzan Horses. J. Hered., vol. 94, pp. 125–132. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esg029DRUML, T., BAUMUNG, R. and SÖLKNER J. ( 2009) Pedigree analysis in the Austrian Noriker draught horse: genetic diversity and the impact of breeding for coat colour on population structure. J. Anim. Breed. Genet. 126:348–356. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0388.2008.00790.xFALCONER, D. S., and MACKAY, T. F. C. (2009) Introduction to quantitative genetics. 4. ed., Pearson, Prentice Hall, Harlow.FERNANDEZ, J. et al. (2005) Efficiency of the Use of Pedigree and Molecular Marker Information in Conservation Programs. Genetics., vol. 170, pp.1313–1321. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1534/genetics.104.037325GÓMEZ, M. D. et al.(2009) Assessment of inbreeding depression for body measurements in Spanish Purebred (Andalusian) horses. Livest. Sci., vol. 122, pp. 149–155. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2008.08.007GOYACHE, F. et al. (2003) Using pedigree information to monitor genetic variability of endangered populations: the Xalda sheep breed of Asturias as an example. J. Anim. Breed. Genet., vol. 120, pp. 95–105. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0388.2003.00378.xGUTIÉRREZ, J. P. (2008) Individual increase in inbreeding allows estimating effective sizes from pedigrees. Genet. Sel. Evol., vol. 40, pp. 359–378. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/gse:2008008JAMES, J. W. (1972) Computation of genetic contributions from pedigrees. Theor. Appl. Genet., vol. 42, pp. 272–273. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00277555KADLEČÍK, O., and KASARDA, R. (2014) Genetic diversity of Slovak Sport Pony based on genealogical information. In Book of abstracts of the 65th annual meeting of the European federation of animal science. Wageningen: Wageningen Academic Publishers, 2014, p. 378.Lacy, R. C. (1989) Analysis of founder representation in pedigrees: Founder equivalents and founder genome equivalents. Zoo Biol.. vol. 8, pp. 111–123. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430080203LACY, R. C. (1995) Clarification of genetic terms and their use in the management of captive populations. Zoo Biol., vol. 14, pp. 565–577. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430140609LACY, R. C. and BALLOU J. D. (1998) Effectiveness of Selection in Reducing the Genetic Load in Populations of Peromyscus polionotus During Generations of Inbreeding. Evolution, vol. 52, pp. 900. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2411285MacCLUER, J.  et al. (1983) Inbreeding and Pedigree Structure in Standardbred horses. Heredity, vol. 74, pp. 394–399.MAIGNEL, L., BOICHARD D. and VERRIER E. (1996) Genetic variability of French dairy breeds estimated from pedigree information. Interbull Bull., vol. 14, pp. 49–54.PJONTEK, J. et al. (2012) Pedigree analysis in four Slovak endangered horse breeds. Czech J Anim Sci., vol. 57, pp. 54–64.SIDERITS, M., BAUMUNG, R. and FUERST-WALTL, B. (2013) Pedigree analysis in the German Paint Horse: Genetic variability and the influence of pedigree quality. Livest. Sci. 151:152–157. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2012.10.018SØRENSEN, A. C., SØRENSEN, M. K. and BERG, P. (2005) Inbreeding in Danish dairy cattle breeds. J. Dairy Sci., vol. 88, pp.1865–1872.Valera, M. et al. (2005) Pedigree analysis in the Andalusian horse: population structure, genetic variability and influence of the Carthusian strain. Livest. Prod. Sci., vol. 95, pp. 57–66. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livprodsci.2004.12.004VanRADEN, P. M. (1992) Accounting for Inbreeding and Crossbreeding in Genetic Evaluation of Large Populations. J. Dairy Sci., vol. 75, pp. 3136–3144. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(92)78077-1VICENTE, A. A., CAROLINO, N.. and GAMA, L. T. (2012) Genetic diversity in the Lusitano horse breed assessed by pedigree analysis. Livest. Sci., vol. 148, pp. 16–25. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2012.05.002VOSTRÁ-VYDROVá, H. et al. (2016) Pedigree analysis of the endangered Old Kladruber horse population. Livest. Sci., vol. 185, pp. 17–23. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2016.01.001WOLC, A. and BALIŃSKA, K. (2010) Inbreeding effects on exterior traits in Polish konik horses. Arch Tierz., vol. 53, pp. 1–8.ZECHNER, P. et al. (2002) Analysis of diversity and population structure in the Lipizzan horse breed based on pedigree information. Livest. Prod. Sci., vol. 77, pp.137–146. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0301-6226(02)00079-

Interaction of Dietary Fatty Acids with Tumour Necrosis Factor Family Cytokines during Colon Inflammation and Cancer

Intestinal homeostasis is precisely regulated by a number of endogenous regulatory molecules but significantly influenced by dietary compounds. Malfunction of this system may result in chronic inflammation and cancer. Dietary essential n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and short-chain fatty acid butyrate produced from fibre display anti-inflammatory and anticancer activities. Both compounds were shown to modulate the production and activities of TNF family cytokines. Cytokines from the TNF family (TNF-α, TRAIL, and FasL) have potent inflammatory activities and can also regulate apoptosis, which plays an important role in cancer development. The results of our own research showed enhancement of apoptosis in colon cancer cells by a combination of either docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) or butyrate with TNF family cytokines, especially by promotion of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway and modulation of NFκB activity. This review is focused mainly on the interaction of dietary PUFAs and butyrate with these cytokines during colon inflammation and cancer development. We summarised recent knowledge about the cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in such effects and outcomes for intestinal cell behaviour and pathologies. Finally, the possible application for the prevention and therapy of colon inflammation and cancer is also outlined