Quand la ville inspire Baudelaire, tout est entre « la boue » et « l’or »

Résumé  Quand la ville est source d’inspiration pour le poète, le poème en prose devient une représentation qui en dit les charmes qui consolent autant que les horreurs qui désespèrent. Enveloppe qui contient tous ceux qui vivent et qui respirent, elle refuse de donner à tous les éléments de cet immense ensemble les mêmes chances. C’est pourquoi cette réflexion en fait un lieu de transformation des peines. On parlera d’Alchimie. L’on se rendra compte que Baudelaire, toujours attaché à ses principes, se servira de la sublimation de tout ce qui torture en ville pour inviter au voyage apte à rendre le désir possible. Quand la ville inspire, le texte devient témoignage s’il ne donne pas sens à de nouvelles perspectives.   Mots clé : Ville, poème en prose, alchimie, Baudelaire, voyage   Abstract When the city is a source of inspiration for the poet, the prose poem becomes a representation which speaks of its charms which console as much as the horrors which despair. An envelope that contains all those who live and breathe, it refuses to give all the elements of this immense whole the same chances. This is why this reflection makes it a place of transformation of sentences. We will talk about Alchemy. We will realize that Baudelaire, always attached to his principles, will use the sublimation of everything that tortures in the city to invite a journey capable of making desire possible. When the city inspires, the text becomes testimony if it does not give meaning to new perspective.   Keywords : City, prose poem, alchemy, Baudelaire, journe

Ewolucja pejzażu audiowizualnego we Francji

Television in France has been a significant element of public life. A majority of governments in the 4th and 5th Republics aimed to control audiovisual information. Television was present even before WWII, yet it could not develop. After the war its progress was inhibited by the long-term monopoly of the state. As the political forces were changing, so were the organizations controlling television. Due to the reforms of the 1980’s two sectors emerged in France: the state owned sector and the privately owned sector. At present the audiovisual landscape of France is made up of the public sector, incorporating French Television with channels F2 and F3, ARTE, TV5 and Canal France International, and a private sector with Canal Plus (Canal + since 1984), M6, La Cinquieme and TF1. Since its privatization of nearly twenty years ago, TF1 has been the leading channel.Television in France has been a significant element of public life. A majority of governments in the 4th and 5th Republics aimed to control audiovisual information. Television was present even before WWII, yet it could not develop. After the war its progress was inhibited by the long-term monopoly of the state. As the political forces were changing, so were the organizations controlling television. Due to the reforms of the 1980’s two sectors emerged in France: the state owned sector and the privately owned sector. At present the audiovisual landscape of France is made up of the public sector, incorporating French Television with channels F2 and F3, ARTE, TV5 and Canal France International, and a private sector with Canal Plus (Canal + since 1984), M6, La Cinquieme and TF1. Since its privatization of nearly twenty years ago, TF1 has been the leading channel

Validation of an UV-Visible spectrophotometry assay method for the determination of chlorpheniramine maleate tablets without prior extraction

Methods proposed by pharmacopeias to check the quality of chlorpheniramine maleate tablets are multi steps methods which involve extraction and present issues with repeatability. An alternative method is proposed with a sensitive, reliable, simple and rapid UV-VISIBLE spectrophotometry method developed for the determination without extraction of chlorpheniramine maleate in tablets. The method was validated using the accuracy profile approach with an accuracy ranging from 99.70 to 100.46%. Analysis was done using 0.25 mol/L sulfuric acid, distilled water, and raw material in a room at 23 °C for 25 to 30 minutes. Chlorpheniramine maleate concentration varied from 0.018 to 0.03 mg/mL. The method was found to be specific with the appearance of the corresponding maxima at 265 nm and a correlation coefficient (R2 ) of 0.9993. Limits of detection and quantification were respectively 1.39 × 10-4and 2.26 × 10-3 mg/mL. The tolerance limits for the different concentration levels (75, 100 and 125%) were respectively: 88.37; 92.74 and91.62% for lower limits and 111.03; 108.17 and 108.02% for upper limits. It was observed that the tolerance limits were within the limits of acceptability set at 20%. Consequently, the method was declared valid and reliable for routine analysis of chlorpheniramine maleate in tablets containing chlorphenamine as active principle.Keywords : Chlorpheniramine maleate, tablets, accuracy profile, assay method without extraction, validatio

Evaluation de l’activité antioxydante des extraits des feuilles de Aphania senegalensis (Sapindaceae) et de Saba senegalensis (Apocynaceae)

Les plantes traditionnelles présentent généralement de nombreuses propriétés thérapeutiques. L’objectif de la présente étude consistait à évaluer l’activité antioxydante des extraits des feuilles de Aphania senegalensis et de Saba senegalensis par spectrophotométrie moléculaire au moyen des méthodes de piégeage des radicaux libres 2,2-diphényl-1-picryl-hydrazyle (DPPH•) et acide 2,2’-azino-bis-(3-éthylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonique) (ABTS+•). Une extraction éthanolique des feuilles de ces deux plantes a été effectuée au Soxhlet. Les deux extraits secs, redissouts dans de l’eau, ont été fractionnés en utilisant successivement l’hexane, le dichlorométhane et l’acétate d’éthyle. Les propriétés antioxydantes des extraits et celles de leurs différentes fractions ont été évaluées à différentes concentrations : 5, 10, 25 et 150 μg/ml. Les pourcentages d’inhibition (PI) expriment l’effet antioxydant mesuré. Une activité de piégeage des deux radicaux libres a été associée aux deux extraits et à l’ensemble des fractions. Pour les tests d’inhibition de l’absorbance du radical DPPH•, les PI ont varié de (22,20±0,03)% à (91,30±0,08)%. Avec le radical ABTS+•, les PI ont varié de (54,37±0,02)% à (99,13±0,01)%. Les extraits éthanoliques des feuilles de Aphania senegalensis et de Saba senegalensis et leurs différentes fractions présentent ainsi un pouvoir antioxydant.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Mots clés: Plante médicinale, ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid)), DPPH (2,2- diphényl-1-picryl-hydrazyle), spectrophotométrie moléculaireEnglish Title: Antioxidant activity of leaves extracts of Aphania senegalensis (Sapindaceae) and Saba senegalensis (Apocynaceae)English AbstractSeveral therapeutic properties are often associated with traditional plants. The antioxidant properties of Aphania senegalensis and Saba senegalensis leaf extracts were evaluated by molecular spectrophotometry and using two radical scavenging methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and 2,2’-azino bis(3- ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The leaves of each plant were extracted with ethanol  using a Soxhlet extractor apparatus. The two dry ethanolic extracts were dissolved in water then fractionated using successively hexane, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate. The antioxidant activities of the extracts and their different fractions were determined at various concentrations: 5, 10, 25 and 150 μg/ml. The antioxidant capacity was expressed as percent inhibition (PI). The extracts and their different fractions scavenged DPPH• and ABTS+• free radicals. The DPPH assay showed PI varying from 22.20±0.03% to 91.30±0.08%. With the ABTS+• radical, the PI varied from 54.37±0.02% to 99.13±0.01%. The ethanolic extracts of Aphania senegalensis and Saba senegalensis as well as their fractions showed antioxidant capacities.© 2015 International Formulae Group. All rights reserved.Keywords: Medicinal plant, ABTS (2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6 sulfonic acid)), DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl), molecular spectrophotometr

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Thomas Sankara - Africa's Lost Hope?

October 15 2007 will mark the 20th anniversary of the assassination of Captain Thomas Sankara, the young and charismatic president of Burkina Faso. His assassination was committed with impunity and assassins have not been found until now. Sankara's simplicity, his high spirits, his sense of humour, his honesty and his generosity, has appealed to a generation of conscious young Africans, who see him in themselves. He came to power in Haute Volta on 4th of August 1983, changed the country's name into Burkina Faso. It was a strong signal showing his will to end the neo-colonial system. Struggling against corruption, for advancement of women, rural economy, citizen responsibility, health or education, the achievements of Thomas Sankara in these areas are an example of the way forward. Thomas Sankara has been murdered on 15th of October 1987. According to some observers, with external implications

Socio-political movements in Frecnh West Africa

French West Africa (AOF) created by a decree of the 16th of June 1895, one year after the establishment of the Ministry for the Colonies, a federation of colonies, is an entity for coordinating French presence in West Africa. Administrative grouping under French rule until 1958 of the former French territories of West Africa. According to the 1946 French Constitution, Africans in the colonies were allowed to elect parliamentary representatives in three assemblies: the Chamber of Deputies, the Senate, and the Assembly of French Union. Also, each colony had representation at lower levels, for instance the general councils with headquarters at Dakar for the AOF, and the governor general as a high commissioner of the Republic. Each local council sent five representatives to the AOF. It is worth noting that for the elections, there were still two electoral lists and two categories of voters: one list for French citizens and another for the union citizens. Following the adoption of the new constitution, Africans became union citizens, rather than French subjects as they were before, but they were not yet unequivocally French citizens. The RDA, with its subsections at the level of each colony, was at first dedicated to the struggle for equality between France and the colonies, between the French citizens and the Africans who had not yet acquired that status. In 1944 seven Ivorian owners of crop export (coffee and cocoa) created an agricultural union, Syndicat Agricole Africain to defend their rights. Félix Houphouet-Boigny was the first chairperson of Syndicat Agricole Africain, he also became the first chairperson of Parti Démocratique de Côte d’Ivoire and of the transnational Rassemblement Démocratique Africain in 1946. Among other high-profile political positions, he held many ministerial positions in the French government from 1956 to 1959. At independence in 1960, Houphouet-Boigny became its first president

The Role of Religious Leaders in the Political Life of Senegal

Artykuł ukazuje rolę przywódców religijnych w życiu politycznym współczesnego Senegalu. Główną tezą jest stwierdzenie, że relacje pomiędzy islamem a władzą polityczną istniały od początku obecności tej religii w Senegalu. Analiza wzajemnych relacji od czasu uzyskania niepodległości do chwili obecnej stanowi zasadniczy cel niniejszej publikacji. Na podstawie obserwacji własnych oraz dostępnej literatury przedmiotu autor podejmuje próbę przedstawienia wzajemnych wpływów między światem islamu a polityki w kraju, w którym ponad 90% mieszkańców wyznaje islam. Złożone relacje pomiędzy największymi bractwami muzułmańskimi a szefami rządu analizowane są z uwzględnieniem kontekstu historycznego. Artykuł składa z dwóch części: w pierwszej rozważania koncentrują się na strukturze islamu senegalskiego oraz jego relacji z władzami kolonialnymi; w drugiej – na relacji pomiędzy politykami i duchownymi.The article presents the topic of the role of religious leaders in the political life of modern Senegal. The main argument is that relations between Islam and political power existed from the very beginning of the presence of this religion in Senegal. The essential objective of this publication is to analyze mutual relations of these two entities from the time of independence to the present. On the basis of his own observations and available literature on the subject, the author attempts to present mutual influences between the world of Islam and politics in a country where over 90% of the inhabitants adhere to Islam. Complex relations between the largest Muslim brotherhoods and heads of government are analyzed taking into account the historical context. The article consists of two parts: in the first one, reflection concentrates on the structure of Senegalese Islam and its relationship with the colonial authorities; in the second - on the relationship between politicians and clerics

Stosunki turecko-rosyjskie na podstawie syryjskiego kryzysu w międzynarodowej prasie

Les relations entre la Russie et la Turquie ont une longue histoire, et ont traversé des phases de conflits et de longues périodes de paix et de coopération. Les rapports entre Moscou et Ankara sont caractérisés par des liens solides, indépendamment des régimes politiques. Mais dans la deuxième décennie du XXIe siècle la crise syrienne a eu un impact négatif sur les relations turco-russes. Se référant aux archives électroniques des principaux médias du monde entier, l’auteur a fait un examen complet de l’état des relations entre la Turquie et la Russie, depuis le déclenchement de la guerre civile en Syrie, jusqu’à l’incident tragique de l’avion russe abattu par la l’armée turque. Le contexte historique a été analysé afin de mieux comprendre la complexité des relations entre Ankara et Moscou sur la question syrienne. L’auteur s’interroge sur les causes réelles de la guerre civile en Syrie, un pays sous le long règne du clan des Alaouite, du père Hafez al-Assad à son fils Bachar al-Assad. Les questions de conflits d’intérêts des acteurs extérieurs au conflit en Syrie sont également analysés, en particulier les priorités opposées entre les Turques et Russes, qui, entre autres, ont conduit à la rupture diplomatique, pour un temps, entre les deux pays.Relations between Russia and Turkey have a long history, including both military operations and long periods of peace and cooperation. Contemporary relations between Moscow and Ankara are characterized by solid bonds, regardless of political regimes. But in the second decade of the twenty-first century Syrian crisis had a negative impact on Turkish-Russian relations. Referring to archives of electronic resources of the world’s leading media, the author made a comprehensive review of the status of relations between Turkey and Russia, since the outbreak of civil war in Syria, until a tragic incident, a Russian aircraft shot down by the Turkish army. It was analyzed historical context to better understand the complexity of relations between Ankara and Moscow on the Syrian issue. The author makes reflections on the causes of the civil war in Syria, a country under a long reign of Alawite clan, from the father Hafez al-Assad to his son Bashar al-Assad. The issues of conflicting interests of external actors to the conflict in Syria are also analysed, especially the variety of Turkish and Russian priorities, which among other things led to the rupture, for a time, of any relationship between the two countries.Stosunki między Rosją a Turcją mają długą historię, obejmującą zarówno działania wojenne, jak i długie okresy pokoju i współpracy. Współczesne stosunki między Moskwą a Ankarą charakteryzują się solidnymi więzami, niezależnie od reżimów politycznych. Jednak w drugiej dekadzie XXI wieku kryzys syryjski miał negatywny wpływ na relacje turecko-rosyjskie. Odwołując się do archiwalnych zasobów elektronicznych wiodących mediów światowych, autor dokonał kompleksowego przeglądu stanu stosunków turecko-rosyjskich, od wybuchu wojny domowej w Syrii, aż do tragicznego incydentu samolotu rosyjskiego zestrzelonego przez armię turecką. Został zanalizowany kontekst historyczny, co pozwoli lepiej zrozumieć złożoność stosunków między Ankarą i Moskwą w sprawie problemu syryjskiego. Autor podejmuje rozważania nad przyczynami wojny domowej w Syrii, kraju, w którym od dawna panuje klan alawitów, od ojca Hafeza al-Assada do syna Baszara al-Assada. W polu uwagi znalazły się także kwestie sprzecznych interesów zewnętrznych aktorów konfliktu w Syrii, a zwłaszcza różnorodność tureckich i rosyjskich priorytetów, co między innymi doprowadziło do zerwania, przez pewien czas, wszelkich relacji pomiędzy obydwoma państwami