Maria Banyer to Peter Kean, June 29, 1818

Maria Banyer wrote from Bedford to Peter Kean addressed to Ursino. Her sister, Sarah Louisa Jay, had recently died and she thanked Peter for keeping her memory alive by naming his daughter after her. People Included: Sarah Louisa Jay Kean, Sarah Sabina Kean, Jacob Morris, Jay Familyhttps://digitalcommons.kean.edu/lhc_1810s/1102/thumbnail.jp

Maria Banyer to Sarah Sabina Kean, May 11, 1827

Maria Banyer wrote to Sarah Sabina Kean, address not included. She wrote that she and he sister Mary regret that they could not visit Sarah and Susan Ursin Niemcewicz, but will try on Monday if the weather is favorable. Their brother has to go to court, but sends is best to her, Susan, and Peter.https://digitalcommons.kean.edu/lhc_1820s/1085/thumbnail.jp

Molecular basis of C4 protein deficiency in Aboriginal Australians, and a molecular C4 allotyping technique

Since the initial discovery of the association between C4 protein deficiency and autoimmune disease, much effort has been devoted to the characterisation of C4 protein and its molecular composition (Dawkins et al., 1983). From the outset, researchers have found the C4 protein difficult to work with as it is unstable and degrades rapidly. However, with the advent of molecular techniques, studies of the C4 gene have accelerated, uncovering a very complicated and large duplicated gene region. This thesis reviews the literature on complement component C4, and reports on three interrelated research areas involving protein and DNA analysis of complement C4. Contributions to the molecular characterisation of the C4 complement gene region and population genetics are discussed in relation to current knowledge, and direction for further research is provided. This study set out to establish whether indigenous people of PNG and Aboriginal Australians have shared a common gene pool. By analysing the distribution of polymorphic C4 alleles these studies found the Aboriginal Australian and PNG populations to be distinctly different. Analysis of the distribution of C4 alleles in the two ethnic groups indicated that the two Aboriginal populations showed significant similarities but the three geographically distinct PNG populations were significantly different. Studies here suggested these ethnic populations are more reliably distinguished from each other by differences in the frequencies of the most frequently occurring C4 alleles, than by the incidence of rare alleles. The high frequency of C4 null alleles in northern located Darwin Aboriginal's reported by Ranford et al. (1987), is not an isolated incident as this study also found the highest frequencies of C4 null alleles in northern located Aboriginal Australian's compared to any ethnic group studied. This could be associated with the high occurrence of the autoimmune disease Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) in Aboriginal Australians, and strong susceptibility of Aboriginal Australians to this disease (Anstey et al., 1993). Accurate identification of C4 alleles including C4 null alleles is essential both for investigating gene-linked disease associations, as well as for advancing future population genetics studies. Studies here demonstrate that C4 protein allotyping does not accurately identify the C4 genotype of an individual. This was highlighted by the lack of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium with respect to C4 allele frequencies of the East Cape York Aboriginal population as well as the identification of a number of alleles by molecular analysis which could not be identified by protein typing. The difficulties associated with determining C4 allotypes by C4 protein gel electrophoresis include instability of the C4 protein, high degree of technical expertise for interpretation of allotypes, and limitations of this technique in distinguishing overlapping alleles. It was established in these studies that the polymorphic C4d region of C4 genes may be used by molecular means to identify and type C4 alleles. With the advent of molecular biological techniques such as protein and DNA sequencing, and RFLP analysis of the C4 gene region, information required for development of a molecular-based typing protocol has become available. Some of the previously described C4A and C4B alleles have been found to have unique combinations of polymorphic amino acid residues distributed within a short stretch of DNA, otherwise known as the C4d region. This region of the gene is highly polymorphic encoding amino acid residues known to be involved in immune-complex binding, and also encodes antigenic determinants. Therefore the C4d region was considered an ideal candidate for the development of a molecularbased allotyping protocol. The molecular-based C4 typing technique developed here is based on PCR-RFLP analysis of the C4d region. Protein and DNA sequence information, C4 protein allotyping data, and computer analysis which estimates the predicted isoelectric value of a protein were used to develop this protocol. Application of the molecular C4 typing protocol enabled the identification of C4 alleles which co-migrate by C4 protein gel electrophoresis as well as a number of rare and novel C4 alleles. The molecular basis of C4 null alleles has been extensively studied in Caucasians, however, very little is known about the genetic basis of C4 null alleles in other ethnic populations. C4 null alleles from Aboriginal Australians were investigated here in order to identify the genetic basis of these alleles compared to those in Caucasians. Many Caucasian C4 null alleles result from large deletions. However, this study found that the C4B null allele in Aboriginal Australians results from either duplication of C4A genes on a single haplotype, or possession of a hybrid C4A/C4B type of novel allele, which was denoted as C4A *CAN1. These findings have considerable significance in relation to the high frequency of C4 null alleles found in Aboriginal Australian populations. Many of these "null alleles" may indeed be functional alleles which have been misinterpreted by C 4 protein typing. The molecular basis of C4A null alleles remains unresolved, however, this study indicates that the defect is likely to be due to post-transcriptional processing of the allele. This thesis describes a detailed investigation into the molecular basis of C4 alleles including rare and null alleles. This information together with the vast amount of molecular data available on C 4 enabled the development of a molecular-based C4 typing protocol. This protocol is considered to be a more reliable and accurate typing method than the traditional protein typing method, and can be easily adopted in any laboratory for routine allotyping

Complementary activation of peripheral natural killer cell immunity in nasopharyngeal carcinoma

NK cells and αβ- and γδ-CTL play important roles in cellular immunity against tumors. We previously demonstrated that NPC patients have a quantitative and qualitative deficit in γδ-CTL and EBV-specific αβ-CTL when compared to normal subjects and NPC long-term survivors. In this study we report further observations of a complementary activation of peripheral NK cells in NPC patients. The NK cells in these patients, compared to those of healthy subjects and NPC survivors, were preferentially activated in response to the stimulation of myeloma cell line XG-7 and expanded in the presence of exogenous IL-2. The production of IFN-γ was lowest in the patient group, whereas IL-12, IL-15 and TNF-α were produced in higher levels in patients than in the donors and survivors. The cytolytic effect of the NK cells against NPC cells in the patient group was also higher than that of the donors and survivors. Furthermore, the patients at later stages of NPC had lower γδ-CTL activity but higher NK cytotoxicity towards NPC targets, with higher production of IL-12, IL-15 and TNF-α but lower production of IFN-γ than in patients at earlier stages. This might be part of a triggered compensatory re-activation of the innate immunity, believed to be mediated through various cytokines and chemokines when adaptive T cell immunity is breached. Together, these data suggest complementary roles of innate and adaptive immune response in tumor immunity where NK cells, γδ- and αβ-CTL compensate for the deficits of one another at different stages of tumor invasion. © 2006 Japanese Cancer Association.published_or_final_versio

VAST: An ASKAP Survey for Variables and Slow Transients

The Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder (ASKAP) will give us an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the transient sky at radio wavelengths. In this paper we present VAST, an ASKAP survey for Variables and Slow Transients. VAST will exploit the wide-field survey capabilities of ASKAP to enable the discovery and investigation of variable and transient phenomena from the local to the cosmological, including flare stars, intermittent pulsars, X-ray binaries, magnetars, extreme scattering events, interstellar scintillation, radio supernovae and orphan afterglows of gamma ray bursts. In addition, it will allow us to probe unexplored regions of parameter space where new classes of transient sources may be detected. In this paper we review the known radio transient and variable populations and the current results from blind radio surveys. We outline a comprehensive program based on a multi-tiered survey strategy to characterise the radio transient sky through detection and monitoring of transient and variable sources on the ASKAP imaging timescales of five seconds and greater. We also present an analysis of the expected source populations that we will be able to detect with VAST.Comment: 29 pages, 8 figures. Submitted for publication in Pub. Astron. Soc. Australi

Conditional Stat1 Ablation Reveals the Importance of Interferon Signaling for Immunity to Listeria monocytogenes Infection

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (Stat1) is a key player in responses to interferons (IFN). Mutations of Stat1 cause severe immune deficiencies in humans and mice. Here we investigate the importance of Stat1 signaling for the innate and secondary immune response to the intracellular bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes (Lm). Cell type-restricted ablation of the Stat1 gene in naïve animals revealed unique roles in three cell types: macrophage Stat1 signaling protected against lethal Lm infection, whereas Stat1 ablation in dendritic cells (DC) did not affect survival. T lymphocyte Stat1 reduced survival. Type I IFN (IFN-I) signaling in T lymphocytes reportedly weakens innate resistance to Lm. Surprisingly, the effect of Stat1 signaling was much more pronounced, indicating a contribution of Stat1 to pathways other than the IFN-I pathway. In stark contrast, Stat1 activity in both DC and T cells contributed positively to secondary immune responses against Lm in immunized animals, while macrophage Stat1 was dispensable. Our findings provide the first genetic evidence that Stat1 signaling in different cell types produces antagonistic effects on innate protection against Lm that are obscured in mice with complete Stat1 deficiency. They further demonstrate a drastic change in the cell type-dependent Stat1 requirement for memory responses to Lm infection