VERACTIVE BLADDER OR ANXIETY: WHICH CAME FIRST?

Objective: Although available diagnostic criteria are intelligible, combination of OAB and anxiety in the same patient presents a perfect example of medical causality dilemma, commonly stated as the question: "which came first: the chicken or the egg?". The aim of this review article is to address available insights in bidirectional association between OAB and anxiety. Methods: In this review article, we included different types of studies whose results are presented as relative risk (RR) or odds ratio (OR) with a 95% accuracy. A literature search was conducted with the use of the PubMed and EMBASE electronic databases focusing on identifying articles published in English between 1990 and 2020. Results: The electronic searches, after duplicate records removal, provided a total of 126 citations. Of these, 107 were excluded after title/abstract screening (not relevant to the review). We examined the full text of 19 publications remaining to summarize possible mechanisms between OAB and anxiety. According to examined literature, our result synthesis provides insight in epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic and therapeutic approach of both conditions. Conclusion: Temporal relationship between OAB and anxiety is not very well documented because available longitudinal cohort studies are limited. The limitation of the published literature is that most were population-based symptom studies demonstrating high risk of bias. Although data from analysed studies suggest that anxiety and OAB and anxiety might be casually related, studies provided on clinical population are warranted. In addition to the traditional urologic factors, we recommend that psychosocial factors such as anxiety should be assessed routinely in patients with OAB

Variation of the cytokine profiles in gingival crevicular fluid between different groups of periodontally healthy teeth

© 2020, University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Science. All rights reserved. Profiling of biomarkers of physiological process represents an integrative part in optimisation of diagnostic markers in order to adjust the diagnostic ranges to the potential effects of the local factors such occlusal forces in case of periodontal tissues. The objective of this study was estimation of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-22, TNFα and IFNγ concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid samples (GCF) between different groups of teeth. Two hundred fifty-nine systemically healthy non-smokers having at least one vital tooth without restorations, with healthy periodontal tissues, were clinically examined and the GCF sample was retrieved. The cytokine levels were estimated using flow cytometry and compared between central incisors (CI), lateral incisors, canines, first premolars, second premolars, first molars and second molars. Cytokine profiles varied between different groups of teeth with tendency of increase in proinflammatory cytokines from anterior teeth toward molars. Molars might be considered teeth with natural predisposition for faster bone resorption while the adjustment of diagnostic range of periodontal biomarkers for anterior or posterior teeth should be considered within diagnostic context. Cytokine profiles varied between different groups of teeth with tendency of increase in proinflammatory cytokines from anterior teeth toward molars. Molars might be considered teeth with natural predisposition for faster bone resorption while the adjustment of diagnostic range of periodontal biomarkers for anterior or posterior teeth should be considered within diagnostic context

Real-Time Monitoring of Neurovascular Cells

Organs-on-a-chip devices are perfused cell culture systems aimed at creating the minimal functional unit of an organ - suchas the neurovascular unit (NVU) of the brain. NVU-on-a-chip platforms can provide an effective framework for studyingcentral nervous system physiology, disease etiology and provide a mean for drug development.In this work, we investigated the possibility of developing NVU-on-a-chip devices, with real-time sensing capabilitiesof glucose - intended for monitoring the metabolic activity of neurovascular cells. This was done by evaluating theperformance and applicability of in-house ultra-miniaturized glucose sensor technology and commercial DropSence (DS)electrodes, as well as studying astrocytoma characteristics.Firstly the performance of the amperometric microsensors was assessed - demonstrating a sufficient linear detectionrange (6, 2±0, 7 mM) for monitoring normal glucose levels of the brain (0, 5−1, 5 mM) and a high sensitivity (0, 09±0, 02mA/mM/mm2) . Limit of detection (LOD) ranged between 0, 04 mM for the 3_2 model microsensor to up to to 0, 14±0, 05mM for the DS electrodes. Limit of detectable change (LO4S), obtained from deviations between repeated measurements,was found to be approximately 0, 6 mM for all the sensors - close to the normal glucose concentrations of the brain. Limitof detectable change (LO4N), obtained from signal-noise within single measurements, was smallest for the biggest DSelectrodes (0, 04 mM).Secondly the compatibility of sensor materials (substrate and functional membranes) with astrocytoma cells was tested.Cell viability and growth, in conjunction with test materials, were assessed and compared to that of glass and/or cellculturetreated polystyrene (plastic). The materials tested were: Nafion; polyurethane (PU); Glucose Oxidase/bovineserum albumin/glutaraldehyde (GOx/GA); and silicon substrate with SiO2 surface. Cell viability and growth provedalmost as good on nafion membrane as on plastic and glass, while the enzyme containing layer proved to be toxic - mostlikely due to the protein-reactive crosslinker glutaraldehyde. PU-membrane showed significantly lower performance thanglass but demonstrated the best ability to encapsulate the toxic effect of the innermost enzyme layer. In contrast, nafioncoverage resulted in a lack of cells adjacent to the membrane - suggesting partial permeability to the harmful compoundsof the innermost layer. The SiO2surface of the silicon substrate, demonstrated significantly lower performance than plasticin terms of cell viability and growth.Thirdly glucose uptake rates of astrocytoma cell were determined. Depending on glucose availability in the the test wellsthe cells demonstrated a wide range of uptake rates: between 6, 5 · 10Organ-på-ett-chip enheter är perfusionerade cellodlingssystem ämnade till att återskapa den minimala funktionella enhetav ett organ - såsom hjärnans neurovaskulära enhet (NVE). NVE-på-ett-chip plattformar kan tillhandahålla ett effektivtverktyg för studier av centrala nervesystemets fysiologi, sjukdomsteori och läkemedelsutveckling.I det här arbetet undersökte vi möjligheten att utveckla NVE-på-ett-chip enheter, med capacitet for realtidsmätning avglukos - avsedda för att studera neurovaskulära cellers metaboliska aktivitet. Detta gjordes genom att utvärdera prestandaoch användbarhet av microsensor-teknik och kommersiella DropSence (DS) -elektroder, samt studera egenskaperna hosastrocytom.Först bedömdes prestandan hos de amperometriska mikrosensorerna, som demonstrerade ett linjärt detekteringsområde(6, 2 ± 0, 7 mM), tillräckligt för övervakning av normala glukosnivåer i hjärnan (0, 5 − 1, 5 mM) och en hög känslighet(0, 09 ± 0, 02 mA/mM/mm2). Detektionsgränserna (LOD) varierade mellan 0, 04 mM för mikrosensornas 3_2 modellupp till 0, 14 ± 0, 05 mM för DS-elektroderna. Gränsen för detekterbar förändring (LO4S), baserad på avvikelser mellanupprepade mätningar, var ungefär 0, 6 mM för alla sensorer - nära de normala glukoskoncentrationerna i hjärnan. Gränsenför detekterbar förändring (LO4N), baserad på signalbrus inom individualla mätningar, var minst för de största DSelektroderna(0, 04 mM).Sedan testades kompatibiliteten hos sensormaterial (substrat och funktionella membran) med astrocytom celler. Cellersöverlevnad och tillväxt bstuderades i anslutning med testmaterialen, och jämfördes med den hos glas och/eller cellkulturbehandladpolystyren (plast). De material som testades var: Nafion; polyuretan (PU); Glukosoxidas/bovint serumalbumin/glutaraldehyd (GOx/GA); och kiselsubstrat med dess naturliga SiO2yta. Cellöverlevnad och tillväxt visade sigvara nästan lika bra på nafionmembran som på plast och glas, medan skiktet innehållande enzymet (GOx) visade sig varagiftigt - troligen på grund av det proteinreaktiva tvärbindningsmedlet glutaraldehyd. PU-membranen visade signifikantlägre prestanda än glas men demonstrerade den bästa förmågan att inkapsla den giftiga effekten av det enzymskiktet. Atttäckning med nafion resulterade däremot i en avsaknad av celler intill membranet - vilket tyder på partiell permeabilitetav de skadliga ämnena i det innersta lagret. SiO2-ytan av kiselsubstratet visade signifikant lägre prestanda än plast vadgäller celllöverlevnad och tillväxt.Slutligen bestämdes glukosupptagningshastigheter för astrocytom celler. Beroende på tillgången av glukos i testbrunnarnavisade cellerna ett brett spektrum av upptagshastigheter: mellan 6, 5 · 1

Real-Time Monitoring of Neurovascular Cells

Organs-on-a-chip devices are perfused cell culture systems aimed at creating the minimal functional unit of an organ - suchas the neurovascular unit (NVU) of the brain. NVU-on-a-chip platforms can provide an effective framework for studyingcentral nervous system physiology, disease etiology and provide a mean for drug development.In this work, we investigated the possibility of developing NVU-on-a-chip devices, with real-time sensing capabilitiesof glucose - intended for monitoring the metabolic activity of neurovascular cells. This was done by evaluating theperformance and applicability of in-house ultra-miniaturized glucose sensor technology and commercial DropSence (DS)electrodes, as well as studying astrocytoma characteristics.Firstly the performance of the amperometric microsensors was assessed - demonstrating a sufficient linear detectionrange (6, 2±0, 7 mM) for monitoring normal glucose levels of the brain (0, 5−1, 5 mM) and a high sensitivity (0, 09±0, 02mA/mM/mm2) . Limit of detection (LOD) ranged between 0, 04 mM for the 3_2 model microsensor to up to to 0, 14±0, 05mM for the DS electrodes. Limit of detectable change (LO4S), obtained from deviations between repeated measurements,was found to be approximately 0, 6 mM for all the sensors - close to the normal glucose concentrations of the brain. Limitof detectable change (LO4N), obtained from signal-noise within single measurements, was smallest for the biggest DSelectrodes (0, 04 mM).Secondly the compatibility of sensor materials (substrate and functional membranes) with astrocytoma cells was tested.Cell viability and growth, in conjunction with test materials, were assessed and compared to that of glass and/or cellculturetreated polystyrene (plastic). The materials tested were: Nafion; polyurethane (PU); Glucose Oxidase/bovineserum albumin/glutaraldehyde (GOx/GA); and silicon substrate with SiO2 surface. Cell viability and growth provedalmost as good on nafion membrane as on plastic and glass, while the enzyme containing layer proved to be toxic - mostlikely due to the protein-reactive crosslinker glutaraldehyde. PU-membrane showed significantly lower performance thanglass but demonstrated the best ability to encapsulate the toxic effect of the innermost enzyme layer. In contrast, nafioncoverage resulted in a lack of cells adjacent to the membrane - suggesting partial permeability to the harmful compoundsof the innermost layer. The SiO2surface of the silicon substrate, demonstrated significantly lower performance than plasticin terms of cell viability and growth.Thirdly glucose uptake rates of astrocytoma cell were determined. Depending on glucose availability in the the test wellsthe cells demonstrated a wide range of uptake rates: between 6, 5 · 10Organ-på-ett-chip enheter är perfusionerade cellodlingssystem ämnade till att återskapa den minimala funktionella enhetav ett organ - såsom hjärnans neurovaskulära enhet (NVE). NVE-på-ett-chip plattformar kan tillhandahålla ett effektivtverktyg för studier av centrala nervesystemets fysiologi, sjukdomsteori och läkemedelsutveckling.I det här arbetet undersökte vi möjligheten att utveckla NVE-på-ett-chip enheter, med capacitet for realtidsmätning avglukos - avsedda för att studera neurovaskulära cellers metaboliska aktivitet. Detta gjordes genom att utvärdera prestandaoch användbarhet av microsensor-teknik och kommersiella DropSence (DS) -elektroder, samt studera egenskaperna hosastrocytom.Först bedömdes prestandan hos de amperometriska mikrosensorerna, som demonstrerade ett linjärt detekteringsområde(6, 2 ± 0, 7 mM), tillräckligt för övervakning av normala glukosnivåer i hjärnan (0, 5 − 1, 5 mM) och en hög känslighet(0, 09 ± 0, 02 mA/mM/mm2). Detektionsgränserna (LOD) varierade mellan 0, 04 mM för mikrosensornas 3_2 modellupp till 0, 14 ± 0, 05 mM för DS-elektroderna. Gränsen för detekterbar förändring (LO4S), baserad på avvikelser mellanupprepade mätningar, var ungefär 0, 6 mM för alla sensorer - nära de normala glukoskoncentrationerna i hjärnan. Gränsenför detekterbar förändring (LO4N), baserad på signalbrus inom individualla mätningar, var minst för de största DSelektroderna(0, 04 mM).Sedan testades kompatibiliteten hos sensormaterial (substrat och funktionella membran) med astrocytom celler. Cellersöverlevnad och tillväxt bstuderades i anslutning med testmaterialen, och jämfördes med den hos glas och/eller cellkulturbehandladpolystyren (plast). De material som testades var: Nafion; polyuretan (PU); Glukosoxidas/bovint serumalbumin/glutaraldehyd (GOx/GA); och kiselsubstrat med dess naturliga SiO2yta. Cellöverlevnad och tillväxt visade sigvara nästan lika bra på nafionmembran som på plast och glas, medan skiktet innehållande enzymet (GOx) visade sig varagiftigt - troligen på grund av det proteinreaktiva tvärbindningsmedlet glutaraldehyd. PU-membranen visade signifikantlägre prestanda än glas men demonstrerade den bästa förmågan att inkapsla den giftiga effekten av det enzymskiktet. Atttäckning med nafion resulterade däremot i en avsaknad av celler intill membranet - vilket tyder på partiell permeabilitetav de skadliga ämnena i det innersta lagret. SiO2-ytan av kiselsubstratet visade signifikant lägre prestanda än plast vadgäller celllöverlevnad och tillväxt.Slutligen bestämdes glukosupptagningshastigheter för astrocytom celler. Beroende på tillgången av glukos i testbrunnarnavisade cellerna ett brett spektrum av upptagshastigheter: mellan 6, 5 · 1

Variation of the Cytokine Profiles in Gingival Crevicular Fluid Between Different Groups of Periodontally Healthy Teeth

Profiling of biomarkers of physiological process represents an integrative part in optimisation of diagnostic markers in order to adjust the diagnostic ranges to the potential effects of the local factors such occlusal forces in case of periodontal tissues. The objective of this study was estimation of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-17, IL-22, TNFα and IFNγ concentrations in gingival crevicular fluid samples (GCF) between different groups of teeth. Two hundred fifty-nine systemically healthy non-smokers having at least one vital tooth without restorations, with healthy periodontal tissues, were clinically examined and the GCF sample was retrieved. The cytokine levels were estimated using flow cytometry and compared between central incisors (CI), lateral incisors, canines, first premolars, second premolars, first molars and second molars. Cytokine profiles varied between different groups of teeth with tendency of increase in proinflammatory cytokines from anterior teeth toward molars. Molars might be considered teeth with natural predisposition for faster bone resorption while the adjustment of diagnostic range of periodontal biomarkers for anterior or posterior teeth should be considered within diagnostic context. Cytokine profiles varied between different groups of teeth with tendency of increase in proinflammatory cytokines from anterior teeth toward molars. Molars might be considered teeth with natural predisposition for faster bone resorption while the adjustment of diagnostic range of periodontal biomarkers for anterior or posterior teeth should be considered within diagnostic context