Personal Pronouns in ‘About Us’ Section of Online University Prospectus

The university prospectus is supposed to be a forceful and pioneering text in promoting and marketing higher education. The present research will deal with the disparities in the frequencies of first and second person pronouns in online prospectuses in cross-cultural linguistics from marketing point of view. The research question is to which extent the frequencies of first and second person pronouns  in ‘About Us’ section of online prospectuses are contradictory in cross culture and promotional dimensions. This study is based on the data raked from the ‘About Us’ section of online university prospectuses in 463 culturally distinct institutional contexts of Australia, India, Pakistan, the United Kingdom and the United States of America. The categories of the first person I, we, and the second person you, your  were analyzed through multidimensional analysis tagger. The analysis showed that the frequencies of first person pronouns were the highest in all the five countries. On the other hand variations in the occurrence of first and second person pronouns were eminent in 5 countries in the ‘About Us’ section. This research is expected to be useful for the universities and international educational organizations to generate better promotional texts in the marketization of higher education for cross-cultural perspective. Keywords: Online prospectus, ‘About Us’ section, personal pronouns, promotional register, multidimensional analysis tagger, higher education marketin

Pakistan’s Nuclear Development (1974-1998): External Pressures

Pakistan detonated its nuclear test on May 28, 1998 in the Chagai hills which is along the western border of the province, Baluchistan. Many personalities and organizations were involved in developing the nuclear device against a backdrop of political, security and economic constraints, as well as opportunities. India’s 1974 nuclear explosion had proved a fundamental flashpoint for Pakistan‘s nuclear program. Pakistan decided to accomplish its vow to “eat grass or go hungry” in its mission on its advance for the nuclear weapons. Pakistan’s nuclear program evolved under immensely intricate and challenging security dilemmas and circumstances. Historical experience, a combination of cultural nuances, idiosyncrasies of personalities, and domestic politics existed throughout the nuclearization process. Pakistan faced regional crises, geographical compulsions, technical challenges, global politics, external pressure and international propaganda to nuclear materials know-how

Frequency of types of parturition and their relationship with maternal characteristics: a cross-sectional analysis

Background: The pathways that are involved for the duration of pregnancy and type of parturition are extremely complex, involving maternal as well as fetal systems. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of types of parturition and their relationship with maternal characteristics among pregnant female patients.Methods: A cross-sectional survey using a non-probability convenient sampling technique was conducted among 195 healthy pregnant females at Obstetrics and Gynaecological Department of Hamdard Hospital, Karachi, from 1st March 2019 to 31st August 2019. After taking written informed consent from the participants, the relevant data were gathered with the help of a structured questionnaire designed specifically for the study. Statistical package for social sciences was used for data entry while the chi-square test was applied for inferential analysis. The duration of the study was six months. Data were entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0. Descriptive analysis was performed by generating means and standard deviations for continuous variables while frequencies and percentages for categorical variables. A Chi-square test was applied to perform the inferential analysis while the significance level was set at 0.05.Results: A total of 195 pregnant females were included in the study, whose mean age was 29.29±5.22 years. The study results showed that BMI before pregnancy (p=0.021), rest is taken during pregnancy (p=0.034) and gravida status (p=0.047) were all significantly associated with the type of parturition among the study participants, but spacing in pregnancies and parity were not.Conclusions: Maternal characteristics were found to be significantly associated with the type of parturition among pregnant females. For gynecologists the maternal characteristics identified in this study may serve as a useful indicator of the type of parturition expected in their patients

Comparative analysis of postpartum IUDC versus interval IUCD insertion: a study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Karachi, Pakistan

Background: To compare the effectiveness of postpartum intrauterine contraceptive device (PPIUCD) with interval IUCD in terms of effectiveness, expulsions, bleeding pain and other complications at Tertiary care Hospital.Methods: Current study was conducted among 224 women, at Gynaecology and Obstetrics of Reproductive Health Services-A (RHS-A) Centre of Jinnah Post Graduate Medical center, Karachi, for a period of Six months. Approval from Ethical committee and informed consent was taken from women and her husband before starting the study. The WHO medical eligibility criteria for contraceptive use (MEC) were followed and IUCD was inserted in 112 women in PPIUCD group and in 112 women in interval IUCD group. These cases were followed at 15 days, 6 weeks and 6 months. Results of PPIUCD group were compared with interval IUCDs group. Data was analyzed by using SPSS version 18.0. Continuous variables like age, parity, hemoglobin level were analyzed as mean±standard deviation. Frequencies and percentages were calculated for infection, expulsion, bleeding per vagina and effectiveness. Chi-square was applied to assess the difference between the categories. p value <0.05 was taken as significant.Results: The two groups were identical in mean ± SD age, parity, residence and baseline hemoglobin level. PPIUCD (Group-A) was more effective i.e., 87.5% as compared to interval IUCD (Group-B) i.e., 83.9%. Pain, PID, bleeding and expulsion of IUCD were more prevalent with interval IUCD (Group-B) than PPIUCD (Group-A) patients. Stratified analysis showed that age, parity & mean baseline hemoglobin were non-significant effect modifiers on the effectiveness among the two groups.Conclusions: Postpartum IUCD use was found to be a safe, simple, inexpensive and reversible procedure with higher chances of retention for a longer period. Additionally, there is decreased risk of complications and lower expulsion rates when compared with interval IUCD

Pakistan’s Trade Flows with Shanghai Cooperation Organization: A Gravity Approach

Pakistan has a growing economy and always seeks to integrate with different regional or free trade agreements. The main objective of this study is to estimate empirical evidence of Pakistan’s Trade flow with SCO. The study applied an augmented gravity model with panel data from 1993 through 2020 into two segmentations; pre-inclusion 1993-2016 &amp; post-inclusion 2017-2020 of Pakistan with SCO. The key contribution of this study is to use an indicator of “corruption” to measure a country's internal governance condition. The estimated results reveal that Pakistan had the highest trade potential with Kazakhstan, Tajikistan, India, Russia &amp; China. The policy implication of current research is Pakistan needs to enhance the effectiveness of its exports to increase market share in dynamic regions and improvements of the smooth transportation system are of utmost need for a successful trade

Dilemmas of Adolescents: Dark Triad and Relational Aggression, Moderated by Economic Status

Objective of the present study was to find out the relationship between dark triad and relational aggression among adolescents. A sample of 612 adolescent students with age range 12-19 were selected from different educational institute of Gujrat, Pakistan. Dark triad personality scale short version and the Urdu version of diverse adolescent relational aggression scale were used to measure relational aggression. The findings of the current study revealed significant predictive relation of machiavellianism with relational aggression [R2 =. 220; F (1, 607) = 171.340, p&lt;.01], narcissism with relational aggression [R2 =.189; F (1, 607) = 141.753, p&lt;.01] and psychopathy with relational aggression [R2 =.265; F (1, 607) = 218.635, p&lt;.01]. Conclusion: The present study supported the predictive relationship of dark triad with relational aggression. These findings may have implication in the future intervention and prevention procedure for adolescents

Socioeconomic Status, Dependent Personality and Nail Biting Behavior Among Adults: Evaluation of Structural Relationship

The main objective was to investigate the socioeconomic status and dependent personality as the predictor of nail biting among adults. A sample of 101 adults that nail bit was selected from Sialkot city that aged above 19 to 75 years using purposive sampling from government and private educational institutes and local communities. The socioeconomic status and nail biting measured in the demographic form asking information about income, education, profession and do you nail bit. Further, dependent personality was checked with Dependent Personality Disorder scale Urdu version (Shahzadi &amp; Bano, 2018). Results showed that there is significant predictive relationship present between these two variables on samples (N= 101), R= .432 which indicates a moderate correlation. The R2= .187 which indicated that 1.8% variation in the dependent variable, can be explained by the independent variable. Adjusted R-square a modify form of R-square which is also 1.7 variation in data. Descriptive results of this study showed that these two variables from sample (N= 320) are co-occur only in (N= 101) participants with 31.5 percentage generally in both male and female of Sialkot city. Structure Equation Modeling was used for the analysis of data. The model fit summary indicated the p value of .000 which indicates that socioeconomic factors and dependent personality was the significant predictor of nail biting among adults. All the model fit indices were also in the best prescribed limits as Chi-square/df (1.106), Goodness of Fit Index (.976), Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index (.940), Comparative Fit Index (.974) and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (.033). Furthermore, the income regression estimate indicates that when income, profession and dependent personality goes up by 1 standard deviation, the nail biting goes up by 0.21, 0.12 and 0.4 standard deviations respectively whereas in case of education, it goes up by 1 standard deviation and the nail biting behavior goes down by .09 standard deviations. Conclusion: In conclusion, the socioeconomic status and dependent personality was the significant predictor of nail biting behavior among adults