Differential evolution for the offline and online optimization of fed-batch fermentation processes

The optimization of input variables (typically feeding trajectories over time) in fed-batch fermentations has gained special attention, given the economic impact and the complexity of the problem. Evolutionary Computation (EC) has been a source of algorithms that have shown good performance in this task. In this chapter, Differential Evolution (DE) is proposed to tackle this problem and quite promising results are shown. DE is tested in several real world case studies and compared with other EC algorihtms, such as Evolutionary Algorithms and Particle Swarms. Furthermore, DE is also proposed as an alternative to perform online optimization, where the input variables are adjusted while the real fermentation process is ongoing. In this case, a changing landscape is optimized, therefore making the task of the algorithms more difficult. However, that fact does not impair the performance of the DE and confirms its good behaviour.(undefined

Supplementary Material for: Noninflammatory Diffuse Follicular Hypertrophy/Hyperplasia of Graves Disease: Morphometric Evaluation in an Experimental Mouse Model

<b><i>Objectives:</i></b> Experimental models of Graves hyperthyroid disease accompanied by Graves orbitopathy (GO) can be efficiently induced in susceptible inbred strains of mice by immunization by electroporation of heterologous human TSH receptor (TSHR) A-subunit plasmid. The interrelated pathological findings in the thyroid glands of Graves disease (GD) that explain the core changes classically include diffuse follicular hyperplasia and multifocal mild lymphocytic infiltrate. However, the relative contributions of different thyroid tissue components (colloid, follicular cells, and stroma) have not been previously evaluated. In this study, we characterize the thyroid gland of an experimental mouse model of autoimmune GD. Our objective was to define the relative contribution of the different thyroid tissue components to the pathology of glands in the experimental model. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Mice were immunized with human TSHR A-subunit plasmid. Antibodies induced to human TSHR were pathogenic in vivo due to their cross-reactivity to mouse TSHR. <b><i>Results:</i></b> Autoimmune thyroid disease in the model was characterized by histopathology of hyperplastic glands with large follicular cells. Further examination of thyroid glands of immunized animals revealed a significantly increased follicular area and follicle/stroma ratio, morphometrically correlated with a noninflammatory follicular hyperplasia/hypertrophy. The increased follicle/stroma ratio was the most relevant morphometrically variable summarizing the pathological changes for screening purposes. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> GD thyroid glands are enlarged and characterized by a noninflammatory diffuse follicular cell hyperplasia/hypertrophy and a significant increase in the follicles with an increased follicle/stroma ratio. Overall, this mouse model is a faithful model of an early hyperthyroid status of GD (diffuse glandular involvement and follicular expansion)