Fluoride supplements and fluorosis: a meta-analysis

This paper presents a systematic review of the dental literature that was carried out to investigate whether the regular use of fluoride supplements in non-fluoridated communities during the period of tooth development increases the risk of dental fluorosis. A MEDLINE search was organized for all documents published, in English, between January 1966 and September 1997 using the following key words: fluorosis, dental, fluoride, fluoride supplement or supplements, drop or drops, and tablet or tablets. Twenty-four studies that assessed the development of dental fluorosis in children who had used fluoride supplements earlier in their life were included in this review. Of the 24 studies, 10 were crosssectional/case control studies and four were follow-up studies. These studies had data that allowed a quantitative estimation of the risk of developing dental fluorosis in users of fluoride supplements. The other 10 studies were excluded because they either did not present enough data or had other methodological problems. A qualitative review of the studies found a consistent and strong association between the use of fluoride supplements and dental fluorosis. The meta-analyses of the cross-sectional/case-control studies estimated that the odds ratio of dental fluorosis in users of fluoride supplements compared with non-users ranged between 2.4 and 2.6. The meta-analyses of the follow-up studies estimated that the relative risk in long-term users was between 5.5 and 12.2. This review confirmed that in non-fluoridated communities the use of fluoride supplements during the first 6 years of life is associated with a significant increase in the risk of developing dental fluorosis.Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/75253/1/j.1600-0528.1999.tb01991.x.pd

Daratumumab monotherapy for patients with intermediate-risk or high-risk smoldering multiple myeloma: a randomized, open-label, multicenter, phase 2 study (CENTAURUS)

n/

A sum of profiles model and its application in experimental design.

Verbyla and Venables (1988) consider a sum of profiles model superimposed on an experimental design model and give an algorithm for solving the maximum likelihood equations for the estimates of the growth polynomials fitted to the factorial effects. Their method thus, gives numerical values of the estimates and their standard errors. We present a method of estimation that provides general algebraic formulae for the estimates and their standard errors for a very general factorial model applicable in any complete block design. The model is then easily extended to the case of an incomplete block design, where the treatment and block contrasts are generally not orthogonal. This involves using contrasts of adjusted treatment and block totals as opposed to the treatment and block totals in a complete block design. This extension is then applied to a problem of estimating relative potency of drugs in a bioassay, where it is assumed that the relative potency of the drug is dependent on time. In the classical literature on bioassays, one assumes that the relative potency is time invariant. This is not necessarily true. In microbiological assays several drugs such as penicillin, exhibit relative potency changes over time. Estimation of relative potency requires estimation of several contrasts, such as preparation, regression and validity contrasts. By assuming appropriate growth curve polynomials for these contrasts, the relative potency is determined as a ratio of two polynomials in time. Standard errors for the coefficients of these polynomials are also obtained.Ph.D.Biological SciencesBiostatisticsHealth and Environmental SciencesPharmaceutical sciencesPure SciencesStatisticsUniversity of Michigan, Horace H. Rackham School of Graduate Studieshttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/131379/2/9909844.pd