Sexual and emotional jealousy in relation to the facial sexual dimorphism of a potential rival

Background and purpose: Previous studies have shown that men are more sensitive to sexual infidelity, while women are more sensitive to emotional infidelity. Studies have also shown that jealousy is evoked by the rival’s desirable characteristics. Therefore, it was assumed that women would be more jealous of a woman with a feminine face, while men would report greater levels of jealousy when presented with a rival with a masculine face. It was also predicted that these expected differences would depend on the infidelity type – sexual and emotional. Based on this, the aim of this study was to investigate differences in jealousy in relation to participants’ sex, the type of infidelity and the rival’s facial sexual dimorphism. Materials and methods: The study included 401 (164 men and 237 women) participants, aged between 18 and 35. Jealousy was assessed by using hypothetical scenarios of a partner’s emotional and sexual infidelity that involved rivals with a masculine and feminine face. Participants reported the intensity of jealousy on a 7-point scale. Results and conclusions: As predicted, men reported higher levels of jealousy over sexual, whereas women were more upset over emotional infidelity. Moreover, while there was no difference in jealousy among men in relation to the rival’s facial sexual dimorphism, women reported a higher intensity of jealousy toward a rival with a feminine face, regardless of the infidelity type. These results are interpreted by different adaptive mechanisms in men and women

Preference for leaders with high and low facial width-to-height ratios: moderating roles of political ideology and voting context

Background It has been argued that human ancestors evolved greater sensitivity to certain traits that signal dominance in potential leaders. From this perspective, modern voters still favor certain physical characteristics during political elections. Indeed, previous studies have shown that voters prefer dominant candidates, especially when primed with wartime scenarios, and with conservative voters being more likely to choose a dominant leader. Because facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) was found to be positively associated with perceived dominance, we sought to investigate the effect of fWHR on leader preference by taking into an account voting context and voters’ political ideology. Participants and procedure A total of 148 participants took part in two online experiments in which we manipulated standardized facial images to represent faces with low and high fWHR. Furthermore, we assessed participants’ political ideology and asked them to rate the extent to which faces with low and high fWHR looked like leaders during wartime and peacetime scenarios. Results Preference for leaders with high fWHR was positively related to participants’ political ideology, but only in a wartime scenario, suggesting that the more conservative participants were, the higher was their preference for leaders with high fWHR. This is consistent with the notion that preferences for dominant-looking leaders vary as a function of the contextual (voting context) and individual differences (political ideology). Conclusions The present findings provide new evidence for the contribution of fWHR in leader preference and significantly adds to the results of previous research demonstrating the roles of voters’ political ideology and politicians’ physical characteristics in perceiving leadership abilities.Background It has been argued that human ancestors evolved greater sensitivity to certain traits that signal dominance in potential leaders. From this perspective, modern voters still favor certain physical characteristics during political elections. Indeed, previous studies have shown that voters prefer dominant candidates, especially when primed with wartime scenarios, and with conservative voters being more likely to choose a dominant leader. Because facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) was found to be positively associated with perceived dominance, we sought to investigate the effect of fWHR on leader preference by taking into an account voting context and voters’ political ideology. Participants and procedure A total of 148 participants took part in two online experiments in which we manipulated standardized facial images to represent faces with low and high fWHR. Furthermore, we assessed participants’ political ideology and asked them to rate the extent to which faces with low and high fWHR looked like leaders during wartime and peacetime scenarios. Results Preference for leaders with high fWHR was positively related to participants’ political ideology, but only in a wartime scenario, suggesting that the more conservative participants were, the higher was their preference for leaders with high fWHR. This is consistent with the notion that preferences for dominant-looking leaders vary as a function of the contextual (voting context) and individual differences (political ideology). Conclusions The present findings provide new evidence for the contribution of fWHR in leader preference and significantly adds to the results of previous research demonstrating the roles of voters’ political ideology and politicians’ physical characteristics in perceiving leadership abilities

Relationships Between Acoustic Characteristics of Female Voice and Self-Reported Personality Traits

Dosadašnja istraživanja pokazuju da ljudski glas ima važnu ulogu u prijenosu raznih karakteristika govornika, poput spola, dobi i tjelesne visine. Postoji i povezanost između raznih značajki glasa i percepcije osobina ličnosti. Primjerice, viši glas povezan je s percepcijom femininosti, a dublji s percepcijom dominacije. Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati odnos karakteristika glasa i osobina ličnosti kod žena, pri čemu je pažnja usmjerena na samoprocjene maskulinosti, femininosti, dominacije i afilijacije. Sudjelovalo je 48 žena, čiji je izgovor samoglasnika /a/ snimljen tri puta. Izračunom prosječnih vrijednosti značajki glasa utvrđeno je da visina glasa nije povezana sa samoprocjenama osobina ličnosti. S druge strane, varijabilitet visine glasa negativno je povezan s maskulinosti te pozitivno s femininosti. Nadalje, shimmer je pozitivno, a omjer harmoničnoga tona i šuma negativno povezan s maskulinosti. Daljnje regresijske analize potvrdile su značajan doprinos varijabiliteta visine glasa i shimmera u predviđanju individualnih razlika u maskulinosti. Osim interpretacije rezultata u kontekstu nalaza ranijih istraživanja, u radu se raspravlja o smjernicama za poboljšanje metodologije budućih istraživanja.Previous studies have shown that human voice has an important role in communicating different traits, by implying speaker\u27s sex, age, physical height, etc. Studies have also found correlations between various vocal characteristics and perceived personality traits. For example, there is evidence that higher pitch is positively related to perceived femininity, while lower pitch is related to perceived dominance. The aim of the present study was to investigate those relationships between voice and personality, by focusing on women\u27s self- -reports of masculinity, femininity, dominance and affiliation. 48 women were recorded three times during vowel /a/ production. After acoustic analysis, it was found that voice pitch was not related to personality traits. On the contrary, pitch variability was negatively related to masculinity, and positively to femininity. Furthermore, shimmer was positively, and harmonics to noise ratio negatively related to self- -reported masculinity. Further regression analyses confirmed contribution of pitch variability and shimmer in explaining individual differences in masculinity. Besides the interpretation of the results in the context of previous findings, we discuss possible directions for future research in order to improve research methodology

The Circular Model of Adjectival Descriptors of Interpersonal Personality Traits

Provedeno je istraživanje čiji je cilj provjera strukture pridjevskih deskriptora interpersonalnih crta ličnosti u hrvatskom jeziku. Na temelju ranije provedene leksičke studije hrvatskog jezika je u predispitivanju odabrano 120 pridjeva koji opisuju crte interpersonalnog modela ličnosti. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 396 ispitanika od kojih je 94 muškog, a 302 ženskoga spola. Prema samoprocjenama ispitanika na odabranim pridjevima konstruirano je osam interpersonalnih subskala. Faktorska analiza provedena na subskalama pokazuje dvofaktorsku strukturu, a dobiveni faktori mogu se interpretirati kao Ekstraverzija i Ugodnost. Kružna struktura modela testirana je pomoću računalnog programa CIRCUM. Najrestriktivniji testirani model unutar kojeg su postavljena ograničenja na jednake kutove među subskalama i jednak komunalitet, pokazao je graničnu vrijednost RMSEA indeksa od 0.104. Model sa ograničenjem samo na jednake kutove pokazuje najniži RMSEA indeks od 0.087. Model u kojem nije postavljeno nijedno ograničenje pokazuje nezadovoljavajući RMSEA indeks (0.11), jednako kao i model u kojemu je postavljeno ograničenje samo na komunalitet (0.119). Kružna struktura pridjevskih deskriptora interpersonalnih crta ličnosti u hrvatskom jeziku je djelomično potvrđena.The aim of this study was to test the structure of personality descriptive adjectives in Croatian language. In the first phase of the study, 120 adjectives was selected on the basis of the previous lexical study of Croatian language. Selected adjectives describe interpersonal personality traits. In this study 396 participants took part, 94 males and 301 females. According to participants' self-reports on selected adjectives, eight interpersonal subscales were constructed. Factor analysis on this subscales has shown two-factor solution. Two factors are interpretated as Extravertion and Agreeableness. Circumplex structure was tested using CIRCUM software. The most restricted tested model with the constraints on equal spacing and equal communalities has shown RMSEA index of 0,104. Model with the constraint only on equal spacing has shown lowest RMSEA index of 0,087. Model with no constraints has shown bad goodness of fit with RMSEA indeks of 0,11, same as the model with the constraint on equal communalities (0,119). Circumplex structure of personality descriptive adjectives in Croatian language was partially confirmed

The Circular Model of Adjectival Descriptors of Interpersonal Personality Traits

Provedeno je istraživanje čiji je cilj provjera strukture pridjevskih deskriptora interpersonalnih crta ličnosti u hrvatskom jeziku. Na temelju ranije provedene leksičke studije hrvatskog jezika je u predispitivanju odabrano 120 pridjeva koji opisuju crte interpersonalnog modela ličnosti. U istraživanju je sudjelovalo 396 ispitanika od kojih je 94 muškog, a 302 ženskoga spola. Prema samoprocjenama ispitanika na odabranim pridjevima konstruirano je osam interpersonalnih subskala. Faktorska analiza provedena na subskalama pokazuje dvofaktorsku strukturu, a dobiveni faktori mogu se interpretirati kao Ekstraverzija i Ugodnost. Kružna struktura modela testirana je pomoću računalnog programa CIRCUM. Najrestriktivniji testirani model unutar kojeg su postavljena ograničenja na jednake kutove među subskalama i jednak komunalitet, pokazao je graničnu vrijednost RMSEA indeksa od 0.104. Model sa ograničenjem samo na jednake kutove pokazuje najniži RMSEA indeks od 0.087. Model u kojem nije postavljeno nijedno ograničenje pokazuje nezadovoljavajući RMSEA indeks (0.11), jednako kao i model u kojemu je postavljeno ograničenje samo na komunalitet (0.119). Kružna struktura pridjevskih deskriptora interpersonalnih crta ličnosti u hrvatskom jeziku je djelomično potvrđena.The aim of this study was to test the structure of personality descriptive adjectives in Croatian language. In the first phase of the study, 120 adjectives was selected on the basis of the previous lexical study of Croatian language. Selected adjectives describe interpersonal personality traits. In this study 396 participants took part, 94 males and 301 females. According to participants' self-reports on selected adjectives, eight interpersonal subscales were constructed. Factor analysis on this subscales has shown two-factor solution. Two factors are interpretated as Extravertion and Agreeableness. Circumplex structure was tested using CIRCUM software. The most restricted tested model with the constraints on equal spacing and equal communalities has shown RMSEA index of 0,104. Model with the constraint only on equal spacing has shown lowest RMSEA index of 0,087. Model with no constraints has shown bad goodness of fit with RMSEA indeks of 0,11, same as the model with the constraint on equal communalities (0,119). Circumplex structure of personality descriptive adjectives in Croatian language was partially confirmed

Skala sklonosti prodaji: Razvoj kratkoga instrumenta za procjenu sklonosti prodaji

Sales occupation is one of the most frequent in the job market, and selection of successful sales people is typically among the highest priorities of their companies. Research aimed at explaining sales performance shows that traditional psychometric predictors are limited in achieving this goal. Common constructs that are typically related to work behaviour, such as abilities or personality traits, typically show non-significant or low relations with sales performance. Taking that into an account, we developed a new measure for assessing one’s propensity for selling, based on motivational constructs that underlie successful sales job. In the first study, we developed an initial set of items and assessed its content validity using a sample of sales professionals. In the second study, we assessed the scale’s dimensionality, divergent and predictive validity. A sample of 99 contact centre agents were asked to describe themselves using newly developed items and measures of personality and explicit motives. Besides psychometric measures, the data on agents’ objective sales performance was provided by their employer. First, a unidimensional, three-item solution was shown to be the most appropriate in the exploratory factor analysis of initially developed items. Second, an aggregated result of these three items, representing a total scale score, showed to be largely independent of personality and explicit motives measures. Third, propensity to selling, compared to personality and motives measures, showed to be the most important predictor in explaining the variance of objective sales performance. The scale was labelled Propensity to Selling Scale, and its theoretical and practical implications were further discussed.Zanimanje prodavača je jedno od najčešćih zanimanja na tržištu rada, a odabir uspješnih prodavača među najvećim je prioritetima tvrtki koje se time bave. Istraživanja usmjerena na objašnjavanje učinkovitosti u prodaji pokazala su da tradicionalni psihometrijski prediktori u tome nisu uspješni. Uobičajeni konstrukti povezani s radnim ponašanjem, poput sposobnosti ili crta ličnosti, nisu značajno povezani s uspješnošću u prodaji ili su pak nisko povezani s njome. S obzirom na to, razvili smo novu skalu koja ispituje sklonost prodaji, a koja se temelji na motivacijskim konstruktima koji se nalaze u podlozi rada uspješnih prodavača. U prvome smo istraživanju generirali početni skup čestica upitnika, a njihovu su sadržajnu valjanost procijenili stručnjaci u prodaji. U drugome su istraživanju proučene dimenzionalnost skale te njezina divergentna i prognostička valjanost. Nove čestice i ranije korištene mjere ličnosti i eksplicitnih motiva primijenili smo na uzorku od 99 agenata, zaposlenika kontaktnoga centra. Pored toga, korišteni su podaci o objektivnim pokazateljima uspješnosti u prodaji koje je ustupio poslodavac. Prvo, eksploracijskom je faktorskom analizom utvrđeno da je jednofaktorsko rješenje koje uključuje tri čestice najprikladnije. Drugo, regresijskom je analizom pokazano da je agregirani rezultat na trima česticama, koji predstavlja ukupni rezultat na skali, nisko povezan s osobinama ličnosti i eksplicitnim motivima. Treće, hijerarhijskom je regresijskom analizom pokazano da sklonost prodaji, u usporedbi s crtama ličnosti i eksplicitnim motivima, znatno bolje predviđa objektivnu uspješnost u prodaji. Nova je skala nazvana Skala sklonosti prodaji te su raspravljene njezine teorijske i praktične implikacije

Politicians’ Facial Width-to-Height Ratio and their Electoral Success

Prijašnja su istraživanja pokazala da prilikom glasovanja na političkim izborima birači uzimaju u obzir fizičke karakteristike političkih kandidata. Primjerice, birači češće glasaju za političare koje na temelju lica percipiraju kao kompetentnije. Također, kandidati koji izgledaju dominantnije i muževnije imaju veću prednost kod konzervativnijih birača. Budući da se omjer širine i visine lica pokazao prediktorom procjena muževnosti i dominantnosti, cilj je ovoga istraživanja bio ispitati doprinos navedenoga omjera u predviđanju ishoda stvarnih političkih izbora. U tu je svrhu korištena baza digitalnih fotografija lica političkih kandidata za Kongres (Senat i Zastupnički dom) i mjesto guvernera Sjedinjenih Američkih Država, a koji se mogu podijeliti u dvije kategorije ovisno o pripadnosti Demokratskoj, odnosno Republikanskoj stranci. Na temelju prikupljenih fotografija izračunani su omjeri širine i visine lica za ukupno 259 kandidata i 52 kandidatkinje. Nizom linearnih i binarnih regresijskih analiza, uz kontrolu spola kandidata, pripadnosti stranci, tipa izbora te vrste kandidature (reizbor ili prva kandidatura), nije utvrđeno da omjer širine i visine lica predviđa ishod izbora i proporciju osvojenih glasova. U pokušaju objašnjenja neočekivanih nalaza u obzir je uzeto nekoliko aspekata s ciljem pružanja smjernica za buduća istraživanja.Previous studies have shown that during the election process voters rely on different physical characteristics of political candidates. For example, politicians who are perceived as more competent have greater electoral success. In addition, candidates who look more dominant and masculine are preferred among conservative voters. Since facial width-to-height ratio (fWHR) is assumed to be a predictor of perceived masculinity and dominance, this study aimed to investigate the contribution of fWHR in predicting the outcome of the real political elections. We used a digital database containing photographs of political candidates for the United States Senate (United States Congress and United States House of Representatives) and gubernatorial elections, representing Republican and Democratic Party. fWHR was calculated for the 259 male and 52 female candidates. Across several linear and binary regressions, with the control of the candidate’s sex, party affiliation, election type and candidacy type (incumbency or first candidacy), fWHR predicted neither the election outcome nor the vote share. Several methodological aspects have been discussed to explain these unexpected findings and to give guidance for future research

Reproductive Strategies and Jealousy in Men and Women

Brojna istraživanja pokazuju da su muškarci osjetljiviji na seksualnu nevjeru partnerice, dok su žene osjetljivije na emocionalnu nevjeru partnera. No manji broj istraživanja posvetio je pažnju ispitivanju razlika u ljubomori unutar svakoga spola. Kada je riječ o reproduktivnim strategijama, istraživanja su pokazala veću restriktivnost muškaraca u usporedbi sa ženama. Međutim, polazeći od evolucijskih postavki, može se pretpostaviti prisutnost kratkoročne i dugoročne strategije kod oba spola. Cilj je ovog istraživanja ispitati razlikuju li se restriktivni i nerestriktivni muškarci i žene u ljubomori na emocionalnu i seksualnu nevjeru. Ukupno 526 sudionika heteroseksualne orijentacije procjenjivalo je intenzitet ljubomore u hipotetskim situacijama seksualne i emocionalne nevjere te ispunilo Upitnik socioseksualne orijentacije (Kardum, Gračanin i Hudek-Knežević, 2006). Na osnovi rezultata u upitniku sudionici su podijeljeni u skupine restriktivnih i nerestriktivnih. Rezultati pokazuju veću ljubomoru muškaraca na seksualnu nevjeru i žena na emocionalnu nevjeru. U usporedbi s nerestriktivnim, restriktivni muškarci pokazali su veću ljubomoru na seksualnu nevjeru. Žene su osjetljivije na emocionalnu nevjeru, neovisno o reproduktivnoj strategiji. Prednosti i nedostatci obiju strategija te njihov efekt na ljubomoru interpretirani su u kontekstu evolucijskog razvoja mehanizama pronalaženja i zadržavanja partnera.Previous studies showed that men are more sensitive to sexual infidelity, while women are more sensitive to emotional infidelity. However, only a few of them investigated differences in jealousy within each sex. Moreover, studies of sex differences in reproductive strategies showed that women are more restrictive in comparison to men. According to evolutionary psychology, both long-term and short-term strategies could be found within each sex. The aim of this study is to investigate differences in sensitivity to sexual and emotional infidelity between restrictive and nonrestrictive men and women. 526 subjects took part in this study. They estimated the intensity of jealousy in hypothetical situations of sexual and emotional infidelity. Furthermore, sociosexual orientation was assessed using the Croatian adaptation of Sociosexual Orientation Inventory (Kardum, Gračanin, & Hudek-Knežević, 2006). Based on the results, subjects were divided into the groups of restrictive and nonrestrictive individuals. The results showed greater sensitivity to sexual infidelity in men and emotional infidelity in women. In comparison to nonrestrictive men, restrictive men showed greater sensitivity to sexual infidelity. Women are more sensitive to emotional infidelity, regardless of their reproductive strategy. Advantages and disadvantages of both strategies, as well as their effect on jealousy, could be interpreted within the context of evolutionary development of mechanisms for partner selection and mate guarding

Cross-cultural evidence that intergroup conflict heightens preferences for dominant leaders : a 25-country study

Across societies and across history, seemingly dominant, authoritarian leaders have emerged frequently, often rising to power based on widespread popular support. One prominent theory holds that evolved psychological mechanisms of followership regulate citizens' leadership preferences such that dominant individuals are intuitively attributed leadership qualities when followers face intergroup conflicts like war. A key hypothesis based on this theory is that followers across the world should upregulate their preferences for dominant leaders the more they perceive the present situation as conflict-ridden. From this conflict hypothesis, we generate and test four concrete predictions using a novel dataset including 5008 participants residing in 25 countries from different world regions (consisting of a mix of convenience and approximately representative country-specific samples). Specifically, we combine experimental techniques, validated psychological scales, and macro-level indicators of intergroup conflict to gauge people's preferences for dominant leadership. Across four independent tests, results broadly support the notion that the presence of intergroup conflict increases follower preferences for dominant leaders. Thus, our results provide robust cross-cultural support for the existence of an adaptive, tribal followership psychology, a finding that has various implications for understanding contemporary politics and international relations