Le traducteur, le médecin et le patient

Le texte médical est d’apparence scientifique et semble se caractériser par le recours aux termes. En réalité, la subjectivité y est omniprésente et se traduit par le recours aux mots, qui sont les véritables enjeux de la traduction. La terminologie ne pose pas de problème particulier au traducteur, toute l’information étant disponible grâce aux grandes banques de données documentaires, au multimédia en général et aux réseaux d’informateurs. Ce sont les mots qui véhiculent le vrai sens du texte et qui constituent un véritable défi pour le traducteur. Les termes, quant à eux, sont des leurres scientifiques qui cachent des objectifs qui le sont moins, comme la quête d’une reconnaissance scientifique, la course aux crédits de recherche ou le positionnement d’un laboratoire. D’autre part, le caractère impersonnel d’un texte médical spécialisé, qui en garantirait le caractère objectif, est de plus en plus contestable, à cause de l’importance qu’ont pris l’immunologie et la psychiatrie dans la médecine contemporaine. Ces dernières décennies, l’immunologie et la psychiatrie ont mis en avant une conception du patient qui prend en compte le psychologique dans l’analyse des troubles physiologiques. De la sorte, le discours médical réhabilite aussi le sujet à la première personne, même si sa présence reste latente dans le texte.A medical text has a scientific aspect, apparently characterized by the use of terms. But in fact, there is subjectivity throughout, expressed through words which are the real issue of translation. The terminology poses no particular problem for the translator since this information is available from major documentation databases, from multimedia and from informational networks. The words convey the text’s true meaning and represent the real challenge for the translator. The terms are but scientific decoys, hiding lesser targets that include the quest for scientific recognition, the race for research credits or the positioning of a laboratory. On the other hand, the impersonal character of a specialized medical text, which used to guarantee its objectivity, is now increasingly questioned because of the importance in contemporary medicine of immunology and psychiatry. In recent decades, immunology and psychiatry have highlighted a conception of the patient that takes the psychological dimension into account in the study of physiological troubles. In this way, medical discourse brings back into favour the first person subject, however discreet his presence may be in the text

Fight Corruption the EU Membership Requirement: The Case of Albania

Corruption is one of the most crucial challenges which emerges as a solid opponent to the universal rule of the law. This paper examines the issue of combating corruption in Albania and its significance in the context of the country's pursuit of EU membership. Drawing upon the political and juridical history of Albania, the study highlights the close link between political culture and combating corruption in Southeast Europe. It underscores the challenges faced by Albania in combating corruption due to its difficult political past and the shortcomings in the development and enforcement of the law. The implementation of the Justice Reform in Albania is recognized as a significant step toward combating corruption, but the process has encountered obstacles and delays. The paper emphasizes the importance of respecting the deadlines set for the reform and ensuring the functioning of the judicial system to safeguard citizens' rights. Recommendations are provided, including the need for a safety net to prevent critical vacancies in the judiciary, restraining the right to resign during vetting procedures, and ensuring adequate logistical support and independence for new judicial institutions. The study concludes by emphasizing the ongoing fight against combating corruption as an essential requirement for Albania's EU membership and the need for sustained efforts to address the shortcomings identified in the process

Distributed Detection of Cycles

Distributed property testing in networks has been introduced by Brakerski and Patt-Shamir (2011), with the objective of detecting the presence of large dense sub-networks in a distributed manner. Recently, Censor-Hillel et al. (2016) have shown how to detect 3-cycles in a constant number of rounds by a distributed algorithm. In a follow up work, Fraigniaud et al. (2016) have shown how to detect 4-cycles in a constant number of rounds as well. However, the techniques in these latter works were shown not to generalize to larger cycles $C_k$ with $k\geq 5$. In this paper, we completely settle the problem of cycle detection, by establishing the following result. For every $k\geq 3$, there exists a distributed property testing algorithm for $C_k$-freeness, performing in a constant number of rounds. All these results hold in the classical CONGEST model for distributed network computing. Our algorithm is 1-sided error. Its round-complexity is $O(1/\epsilon)$ where $\epsilon\in(0,1)$ is the property testing parameter measuring the gap between legal and illegal instances

Le nouveau langage de la médecine : une affaire de socioterminologie

La médecine est une discipline plurimillénaire profondément ancrée dans l’histoire. Il n’est donc pas étonnant que le langage de la médecine — et par conséquent sa terminologie — ait toujours été influencé par ses utilisateurs. Le traducteur médical doit prendre conscience que le sociolecte médical, loin de reposer sur une terminologie rigoureuse et objective, est soumis à des variations tant synchroniques que diachroniques.An age-old science, medicine has had to follow in the steps of history for millenniums. Little wonder, then, if medical language - and, hence, terminology - has always been influenced, over the years, by its successive users. The medical translator is bound to realize that the medical sociolect, far from feeding on an exact and objective terminology, is in fact prey to synchronic as well as diachronic instability

Cognition et déverbalisation

Le développement actuel des recherches en sciences cognitives permettra d’éclairer nombre de processus à l’oeuvre dans le travail du traducteur et de l’interprète. Cet article étudiera l’attention et la mémoire sous un angle psychologique, dans leur rapport à la déverbalisation. S’interroger sur leur mode de fonctionnement devrait améliorer à terme la pédagogie de la traduction et de l’interprétation.The current development of research in cognitive science is sure to shed light on a number of processes involved in the work of the translator and the interpreter. The present paper will study attention and memory from a psychological point of view in their relation to “deverbalization.” Probing into their way of working should in the long run improve the teaching of translating and interpreting

Addressing Terrorism in The XXI Century Case of Albania

Terrorism is a worldwide phenomeon. The strategy against it has become increasingly intense in the last two decades. This article is focused on a systematic legal analysis of terrorism as a global phenomenon, its definition under international law and the Albanian Criminal Code, including forms of terrorism, analysis of funding sources, the interrelations of terrorism with drug trafficking and money laundering, and the role played by media in helping or combating terrorism. The conceptual legal analysis on terrorism law and practices at international level and Albanian case study are used as research methods. Juridical definitions on terrorism are not unique, because states do not use the same methods to deal with the threat of terrorist attacks. In addition, international laws and treaties are valid only for participating states, meanwhile other states avoid cooperation on security issues. Terrorism, as an international criminal offense, is unlikely to be totally stopped in the near future, because multilateral responses are hampered by complexity of national laws and are not binding for all, because of unavailability of some governments to relinquish a level of power to an international body. New national and global strategies are needed to fight terrorism in light of information technologies. Being a global partner in fighting terrorism, Albania has improved the legal framework on terrorism acts in line with EU guidelines which contributes in eliminating the consequences of organized crime and drug trafficking, as the means which fuel criminal and terrorism acts

Clefs pour une histoire de la traductologie soviétique

La traduction est une activité sociologiquement déterminée. On peut dire qu’une traductologie « nationale » s’est développée en Union soviétique, avec une véritable planification des oeuvres à traduire. Cet article s’attachera à poser les jalons historiques de cette recherche théorique.Translation is a sociologically-related activity. Translation studies can be said to have developed on a national level in the Soviet Union, with central planning of works to be translated. In the present article, an attempt will be made to put this theoretical research in a historical perspective

The War Against Corruption in Albania

Corruption is a challenge faced by the whole world, but the fight against it becomes even more emergent in certain regions, such as Southeast Europe, due to a high presence of organized crime, combined with mass spread poverty and low democratic tradition. Given that the countries of the region have already gotten the green light for EU candidacy status, corruption stands as one of the main conditions for this membership. Looking at the fight against corruption throughout the region, and placing Albania in a special perspective, this study aims to bring a comprehensive picture of the legal aspects of the fight against corruption in Albania, looking at the development of relevant legislation and its effects on implementation, as well as the way this establishes the country’s journey towards being part of the EU. From an additional element with adverse effects, corruption has become one of the mechanisms that put the system to work, and it is almost impossible to remodel this system if corruption still exists within it. Therefore, the “open war” against corruption has become a basic need and the central fight during the long recovery process of various countries that have gone through difficult transitional periods