PAIC 3-6 : protocol d'avaluació de la inhibició conductal per nens de 3 a 6 anys /

Consultable des del TDXTítol obtingut de la portada digitalitzadaLa inhibició conductual (IC) es defineix com el tret temperamental que predisposa a reaccionar amb ansietat davant la novetat, la incertesa i el canvi. Els nens inhibits tarden més a explorar situacions, objectes o persones no familiars i són més propensos a retreure's de la novetat i a romandre propers als pares. La IC repercuteix en el desenvolupament de l'individu. Diferents estudis aporten evidència que els nens classificats com a inhibits durant la infància esdevenen adults que es casen més tard i tarden més en consolidar la seva carrera professional que els seus companys menys inhibits, esdevenen solitaris crònics o veuen augmentat el seu risc de desenvolupar depressió o trastorns d'ansietat. Tradicionalment, la IC ha estat avaluada a partir de mètodes excessivament cars -com l'observació al laboratori o en entorns naturals- que han dificultat la detecció precoç del tret. En conseqüència, hi ha una clara necessitat de formes més efectives, en termes de costos-beneficis, per a identificar els nens amb IC. Només existeixen 4 instruments, basats en la informació de pares i mestres, capaços d'avaluar la IC a l'etapa preescolar i cap d'ells ha estat adaptat a la cultura catalana o espanyola. L'objectiu d'aquest treball és crear un nou instrument per identificar la IC en nens preescolars i analitzar les seves propietats psicomètriques. El Protocol d'Avaluació de la Inhibició Conductual per a nens de 3 a 6 anys (PAIC 3-6) consta de 37 ítems basats en els signes majors de la IC descrits per Kagan et al. (1987): les llargues latències fins a interactuar amb persones no familiars, la tendència a retreure's dels objectes, l'aturada del joc i de les vocalitzacions i els llargs períodes de temps en proximitat a la mare. El PAIC 3-6 ha estat aplicat als pares i mestres de 350 nens de 3 a 6 anys. Els resultats recolzen la idea que el nou instrument és vàlid i fiable. L'anàlisi en components principals no linial indica que la solució unifactorial s'ajusta adequadament a les dades, suggerint l'existència d'una bona validesa de contingut. Correlacions significatives entre el PAIC 3-6, indicadors de psicopatologia interioritzada i mesures observacionals d'IC suggereixen una bona validesa convergent. Correlacions nul·les amb indicadors de psicopatologia exterioritzada així com els resultats de l'anàlisi discriminant revelen una bona validesa discriminant. A més, el PAIC 3-6 mostra una consistència interna excel·lent (=.95) i una estabilitat test-retest molt bona (CCI=.90 en l'interval d'un mes), suggerint que les seves puntuacions poden ser interpretades com una mesura d'IC útil i fiable.Behavioural inhibition (BI) is defined as the temperamental trait that predisposes to react with anxiety in the face of novelty, uncertainty and challenge. Inhibited children are slower to explore unfamiliar environments, objects, or people and more likely to withdraw from unfamiliarity and remain proximal to parent. BI has developmental consequences for the lifetime of the individual. Several researches evidence that children classified as inhibited during childhood grow into adults who married and establish careers later than less inhibited counterparts, become chronically lonely or have and increased risk for depression and anxiety disorders. Traditionally, BI has been assessed through too expensive methods -such are laboratory or naturalistic observations- that make difficult early detection of this trait. Therefore, there is a clearly need for a more cost-effective method to identifying children with BI. There are only four instruments based on parents or teachers reports for assess BI in preschool-age children and none of them has been adapted to Catalan or Spanish culture. The aim of present work is to create a new instrument to identify BI in preschool-age children and to examine its psychometric properties. The Preschool-Behavioural Inhibition Scale (P-BIS) has 37 items based on major signs of BI described by Kagan et al. (1987): long latencies to interact with unfamiliar people, retreat from unfamiliar objects, cessation of play and vocalization, and long periods remaining proximal to the mother. P-BIS has been completed by parents and teachers of 350 children aged 3 to 6. Results support the reliability and validity of the new instrument. Non-linear principal component analysis indicates that one-factor solution provide good fit of the data, suggesting good content validity. Significant correlations between P-BIS, measures of internalizing psychopathology and observational measures of BI suggest good convergent validity. Null correlations with measures of externalizing psychopathology and results of discriminant analysis reveal also good discriminant validity. Furthermore, P-BIS exhibits excellent internal consistency (=.95) and very good test-retest stability (CCI=.90 in a month interval), suggesting that its scores can be interpreted as a useful and reliable measure of BI

Emotional comprehension is not related to duration of distress from daily life events

The main aim of this paper is to analyze to what extent insight (i.e., mentalization referring to one's own mental state) moderates recovering from daily life events. A total of 110 participants (84.5% women; mean age: M = 21.5; SD = 3.2) filled in the Trait Meta-Mood Scale (TMMS-24) and the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ-R), and were interviewed about impairment derived from daily life events (everyday life stresses) during the past year. Multivariate regression models were adjusted for neuroticism, sex, and socioeconomic status to analyze whether different degrees of insight moderated the relationship between the intensity and the duration of emotional distress. Results showed that the global measure of insight did not moderate recovering from daily-life distress. Regarding the subdimensions, attention to emotional reactions was related to an increased duration of distress. Results showed that, against our hypothesis, deeper comprehension of emotional reactions, operationalized here as "true insight", was not associated to faster recovery. Limitations and recommendations for further studies are discussed considering these result

Beyond diagnosis : mentalization and mental health from a transdiagnostic point of view in adolescents from non-clinical population

An increasing volume of evidence suggests that mentalization (MZ) can be an important factor in the transition from mental health to mental illness and vice versa. However, most studies are focused on the role of MZ in specific disorders. This study aims to evaluate the relationship between MZ and mental health as a trans-diagnostic process. A sample of 172 adolescents aged 12 to 18 years old (M = 14.6, SD = 1.7; 56.4% of girls) was assessed on measures of MZ, psychopathology and psychological functioning from a multimethod and multi-informant perspective. Contrary to predictions, MZ was not associated with general psychopathology and comorbidity, even when explored from a broad, trans-diagnostic perspective. However, we observed a robust association linking MZ to functioning and well-being across many dimensions, involving social, role and several psychological indicators of adjustment and mental health. These results suggest that MZ may contribute to mental health beyond symptoms, not so much associated with psychopathology, but rather resilience and well-bein

Precursores conductuales infantiles de los trastornos del espectro esquizofrénico : esquizofrenia y trastorno esquizotípico de la personalidad

Given the wide and growing appearance of studies on biobehavioural markers of schizophrenia spectrum disorders, we have pursued to synthesise the data focusing on the possible differences in such markers as precursors of development towards schizotypal disorder and schizophrenia. Following a conceptual setting of high-risk studies we first outline classic and recent works about psychobiological markers from the genetic risk paradigm for schizophrenia and, secondly, we present findings coming from studies that have used other than genetic markers and have focused on the analysis of the soft conditions of the spectrum (i.e., schizotypy and schizotypal personality disorder). Lastly, limitations and theoretical and applied implications of these studies are discussedDada la extensa y creciente aparición de trabajos sobre marcadores bioconductuales de los trastornos del espectro esquizofrénico, hemos pretendido realizar una tarea de síntesis de los datos aportados y orientarla a la cuestión de posibles diferencias en cuanto a precursores de la evolución hacia el trastorno esquizotípico y la esquizofrenia. Después de situar conceptualmente a los estudios de riesgo elevado, se revisan en primer lugar los trabajos clásicos y más recientes sobre marcadores pslcobiológicos dentro del paradigma del riesgo genético para la esquizofrenia y, en segundo lugar, se presentan los hallazgos de los trabajos que han tomado como marcadores de riesgo variables no sólo genéticas y que se han centrado en el estudio de las condiciones leves del espectro (esto es, esquizotipia y trastorno esquizotípico de la personalidad). Por último se discuten las limitaciones de los trabajos existentes y también sus implicaciones teóricas y aplicadas

Self and other mentalizing polarities and dimensions of mental health : association with types of symptoms, functioning and well-being

Research suggests that the ability to understand one's own and others' minds, or mentalizing, is a key factor for mental health. Most studies have focused the attention on the association between global measures of mentalizing and specific disorders. In contrast, very few studies have analyzed the association between specific mentalizing polarities and global measures of mental health. This study aimed to evaluate whether self and other polarities of mentalizing are associated with a multidimensional notion of mental health, which considers symptoms, functioning, and well-being. Additionally, the level or depth of mentalizing within each polarity was also analyzed. A sample of 214 adolescents (12-18 years old, M = 14.7, and SD = 1.7; 53.3% female) was evaluated on measures of self- (Trait Meta-Mood Scale or TMMS-24) and other- mentalizing (Adolescent Mentalizing Interview or AMI), multi-informed measures of psychopathology and functioning based on Achenbach's system, and measures of psychological well-being (self-esteem, happiness, and motivation to life goals). Results revealed no association between mentalizing polarities and higher-order symptom factors (internalizing, externalizing, and global symptoms or " p " factor). Self-mentalizing was associated with self-esteem (B = 0.076, p < 0.0005) and motivation to life goals (B = 0.209, p = 0.002), and other-mentalizing was associated to general, social and role functioning (B = 0.475, p < 0.0005; B = 0.380, p = 0.005; and B = 0.364, p = 0.004). This association between aspects of self-other mentalizing and self-other function has important implications for treatment and prevention. Deeper mentalizing within each polarity (i.e., comprehension beyond simple attention to one's own mental states, and mentalizing referred to attachment figures vs. mentalizing referred to the characters of a story) revealed stronger associations with functioning and well-being. Because mentalizing polarities are associated with functioning and well-being but not with symptoms, a new hypothesis is developed: mentalizing does not contribute to resiliency by preventing symptoms, but by helping to deal with them, thus improving functioning and well-being independently of psychopathology. These findings support that promoting mentalizing across development may improve mental health, even in non-clinical populatio

Hypermentalizing in social anxiety : Evidence for a context-dependent relationship

Social anxiety (SA) means fear of scrutiny and of others' negative evaluation, thus indicating that hypermentalizing (HMZ) (i.e., the over-attribution of intentions and thoughts to others) might be the most common error of social cognition in SA. However, evidence for this is weak. One explanation is that HMZ is not stable in SA, but rather context-dependent. The first aim of the current study was testing this hypothesis. The second aim was analyzing whether the association between SA and HMZ is moderated by a negative self-image. One-hundred and thirteen young adults (85.8% females; M = 21.1 years old; SD = 2.7) were assessed on measures of SA, HMZ, and self-image. Given the over-representation of females, conclusions may not be safely extrapolated to males. Results revealed that HMZ is associated with SA only in the self-referential social situation [B = 2.68 (95% CI: 0.72-4.65), p = 0.007]. This supports that HMZ is not global in SA (i.e., a stable cognitive style), but rather is active only in some contexts. Implications for the conceptualization and treatment of SA are discussed. Contrary to predictions, neither self-esteem, nor positive or negative self-schema moderated the association between SA and self-referential HMZ. This contradicts findings in the field of paranoid delusion and requires replication, including measures of implicit self-esteem

Self- but not other-mentalizing moderates the association between BPD symptoms and somatic complaints in community-dwelling adolescents

Acord transformatiu CRUE-CSICObjectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential moderator role of poor mentalization in the association between borderline personality disorder (BPD) traits and somatization, specifically focusing on the polarities of self- and other-mentalizing. Design: This is a cross-sectional, general population study evaluating adolescents (n = 162, 61.3% female; ages 12-18, M = 14.63, SD = 1.02). The relationship between BPD traits and somatization was evaluated with self-mentalization (attention to emotions and clarity of emotions) and other-mentalizing as moderator variables. Methods: One hundred sixty-two adolescents without serious mental health disorders were evaluated using self-report measures for borderline personality disorder traits (screening questionnaire for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Personality Disorders (SCID-II), somatic symptoms using the Somatic Symptoms Questionnaire (SSQ), self-mentalizing using the Trait Meta-Mood Scale-24 (TMMS) and other-mentalizing using the Adolescent Mentalizing Interview (AMI)). Linear regressions were conducted to test the moderation effects of self- and other-mentalizing in the relationship between BPD symptoms and somatic complaints, controlling for age and sex. Moderation analysis was conducted using PROCESS version 3.5. Results: The association between BPD symptoms and somatic complaints was moderated by a self-mentalizing dimension (emotional clarity) (b = −0.019, 95% CI = −0.0379 to −0.0002, p =.0476), but not other-mentalizing (b = 0.027, 95% CI = 0.000 to 0.053, p =.051). The effect of BPD symptoms on somatization disappears when emotional clarity is high, regardless the level of attention to emotions. Conclusions: Self-mentalizing appears to be an adaptive skill as it attenuates the relationship between BPD traits and somatization. Specifically, emotional clarity rather than simple attention to emotions is the aspect of self-mentalizing attenuating this association. These results support that self-mentalization is an important function in the management of body-associated emotions even in non-clinical levels of BPD traits. Findings suggest that strengthening self-mentalizing skills across development might contribute to resilience and salutogenesis

Self-Schemas and Self-Esteem Discrepancies in Subclinical Paranoia : The Essential Role of Depressive Symptoms

Self-concepts are being intensively investigated in relation to paranoia, but research has shown some contradictory findings. Studying subclinical phenomena in a non-clinical population should allow for a clearer understanding given that clinical confounding factors are avoided. We explored self-esteem, self-schemas, and implicit/explicit self-esteem discrepancies in three non-clinical groups with different psychopathological traits and a control group. Methods: Participants with elevated trait-paranoia (n = 41), depressive symptoms (n = 34), a combination of both traits (n = 32), and a control group (n = 71) were assessed on implicit and explicit self-esteem, self-schemas, depression, and paranoia. A dimensional approach with the total sample (n = 208) was also used to complement the information provided by the group approach. Results: All groups presented similar and positive levels of implicit self-esteem. Trait-paranoia participants had similar levels of explicit self-esteem and self-schemas compared with the control group. However, the group with a combination of trait-paranoia and depressive symptoms showed the lowest levels of positive self-schemas and self-esteem. Furthermore, this group and the control group displayed implicit/explicit self-esteem discrepancies, although in opposite directions and with different implications. The dimensional approach revealed associations of trait-paranoia and depressive symptoms with poor explicit self-esteem and self-schemas but not with implicit self-esteem. Conclusions: Trait-paranoia participants showed different self-representations depending on whether depressive symptoms were present or not. The interaction between subclinical neurotic and psychotic traits entailed a detrimental self-representation that might increase the risk for psychopathology

Impact of Adverse Childhood Experiences on Psychotic-Like Symptoms and Stress Reactivity in Daily Life in Nonclinical Young Adults

Background: There is increasing interest in elucidating the association of different childhood adversities with psychosis-spectrum symptoms as well as the mechanistic processes involved. This study used experience sampling methodology to examine (i) associations of a range of childhood adversities with psychosis symptom domains in daily life; (ii) whether associations of abuse and neglect with symptoms are consistent across self-report and interview methods of trauma assessment; and (iii) the role of different adversities in moderating affective, psychotic-like, and paranoid reactivity to situational and social stressors. Method: A total of 206 nonclinical young adults were administered self-report and interview measures to assess childhood abuse, neglect, bullying, losses, and general traumatic events. Participants received personal digital assistants that signaled them randomly eight times daily for one week to complete questionnaires about current experiences, including symptoms, affect, and stress. Results: Self-reported and interview-based abuse and neglect were associated with psychotic-like and paranoid symptoms, whereas only self-reported neglect was associated with negative-like symptoms. Bullying was associated with psychotic-like symptoms. Losses and general traumatic events were not directly associated with any of the symptom domains. All the childhood adversities were associated with stress reactivity in daily life. Interpersonal adversities (abuse, neglect, bullying, and losses) moderated psychotic-like and/or paranoid reactivity to situational and social stressors, whereas general traumatic events moderated psychotic-like reactivity to situational stress. Also, different interpersonal adversities exacerbated psychotic-like and/or paranoid symptoms in response to distinct social stressors. Discussion: The present study provides a unique examination of how childhood adversities impact the expression of spectrum symptoms in the real world and lends support to the notion that stress reactivity is a mechanism implicated in the experience of reality distortion in individuals exposed to childhood trauma. Investigating the interplay between childhood experience and current context is relevant for uncovering potential pathways to the extended psychosis phenotype

Further validity evidence of the Behavioral Inhibition Observation System (BIOS)

Background: The Behavioral Inhibition Observation System (BIOS) is a brief clinician-report scale for detecting behavioral inhibition (BI) from direct observation. This study aims to compare the validity coefficients obtained in the natural context of use of the BIOS (i.e., a clinical situation) with those obtained using the BIOS after standardized observation. Method: The participants were 74 randomly selected preschool children who were exposed to systematic observation. Results: The results indicate excellent internal consistency (α = .91) and moderate to good inter-rater reliability for all items (ICC from .55 to .88). The correlations with observational measures of BI ranged from .40 to .70, and were mostly equivalent to those of the previous study. The correlations with parents', teachers', and clinicians' measures of BI and related constructs ranged from .30 to .60, and were also equivalent to those obtained in the natural context of use of the BIOS (i.e., clinical situation). Conclusions: The validity coefficients obtained with the BIOS in a non-structured natural observation are mostly equivalent to those obtained in an experimental situation, thus supporting that the BIOS is a cost-efficient instrument for measuring BI from observation in a clinical situationAntecedentes: El Protocolo de Observación de la Inhibición Conductual (BIOS) es una breve escala para clínicos destinada a detectar la inhibición conductual (behavioral inhibition o BI) mediante observación directa. El objetivo de este estudio es comparar los coeficientes de validez obtenidos en el contexto natural de aplicación del BIOS (i.e., en situación clínica) con los obtenidos al utilizar el BIOS tras una observación estandarizada. Método: Los participantes fueron 74 preescolares seleccionados aleatoriamente y expuestos a observación sistemática. Resultados: Los resultados indican una excelente consistencia interna (α=.91) y fiabilidad inter-jueces de moderada a buena para todos los ítems (ICC de .55 a .88). Las correlaciones con medidas observacionales de BI oscilaron entre .40 y .70 y en su mayoría fueron equivalentes a las del estudio anterior. Las correlaciones con las medidas de BI y constructos afines de padres, maestros y clínicos oscilaron entre .30 y .60 y también fueron equivalentes a las obtenidas en el contexto natural de uso del BIOS (i.e., en situación clínica). Conclusiones: Los coeficientes de validez obtenidos con el BIOS en observación natural no estructurada son mayoritariamente equivalentes a los obtenidos en situación experimental, demostrando así que el BIOS es un instrumento coste-eficiente para medir BI a partir de la observación en situación clínic