97 research outputs found

    Two independent approaches converge to the cloning of a new Leptosphaeria maculans avirulence effector gene, AvrLmS-Lep2.

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    Brassica napus (oilseed rape, canola) seedling resistance to Leptosphaeria maculans, the causal agent of blackleg (stem canker) disease, follows a gene-for-gene relationship. The avirulence genes AvrLmS and AvrLep2 were described to be perceived by the resistance genes RlmS and LepR2, respectively, present in B. napus 'Surpass 400'. Here we report cloning of AvrLmS and AvrLep2 using two independent methods. AvrLmS was cloned using combined in vitro crossing between avirulent and virulent isolates with sequencing of DNA bulks from avirulent or virulent progeny (bulked segregant sequencing). AvrLep2 was cloned using a biparental cross of avirulent and virulent L. maculans isolates and a classical map-based cloning approach. Taking these two approaches independently, we found that AvrLmS and AvrLep2 are the same gene. Complementation of virulent isolates with this gene confirmed its role in inducing resistance on Surpass 400, Topas-LepR2, and an RlmS-line. The gene, renamed AvrLmS-Lep2, encodes a small cysteine-rich protein of unknown function with an N-terminal secretory signal peptide, which is a common feature of the majority of effectors from extracellular fungal plant pathogens. The AvrLmS-Lep2/LepR2 interaction phenotype was found to vary from a typical hypersensitive response through intermediate resistance sometimes towards susceptibility, depending on the inoculation conditions. AvrLmS-Lep2 was nevertheless sufficient to significantly slow the systemic growth of the pathogen and reduce the stem lesion size on plant genotypes with LepR2, indicating the potential efficiency of this resistance to control the disease in the field

    A new set of international Leptosphaeria maculans isolates as a resource for elucidation of the basis and evolution of blackleg disease on Brassica napus

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    © 2023 The Authors. Plant Pathology published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of British Society for Plant Pathology. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivs License. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/A collection of isolates of the fungi Leptosphaeria maculans and L. biglobosa, which cause blackleg disease on Brassica napus (canola/oilseed rape) and other Brassicaceae species, was assembled to represent the global diversity of these pathogens and a resource for international research. The collection consists of 226 isolates (205 L. maculans and 21 L. biglobosa) from 11 countries. The genomes of all 205 L. maculans isolates were sequenced, and the distribution and identity of avirulence gene alleles were determined based on genotypic information and phenotypic reactions on B. napus lines that hosted specific resistance genes. Whilst the frequencies of some avirulence alleles were consistent across each of the regions, others differed dramatically, potentially reflecting the canola/oilseed rape cultivars grown in those countries. Analyses of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) diversity within these L. maculans isolates revealed geographical separation of the populations. This "open access" resource provides a standardized set of isolates that can be used to define the basis for how these fungal pathogens cause disease, and as a tool for discovery of new resistance traits in Brassica species.Peer reviewe

    FONZIE: An optimized pipeline for minisatellite marker discovery and primer design from large sequence data sets

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    <p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Micro-and minisatellites are among the most powerful genetic markers known to date. They have been used as tools for a large number of applications ranging from gene mapping to phylogenetic studies and isolate typing. However, identifying micro-and minisatellite markers on large sequence data sets is often a laborious process.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>FONZIE was designed to successively 1) perform a search for markers via the external software Tandem Repeat Finder, 2) exclude user-defined specific genomic regions, 3) screen for the size and the percent matches of each relevant marker found by Tandem Repeat Finder, 4) evaluate marker specificity (i.e., occurrence of the marker as a single copy in the genome) using BLAST2.0, 5) design minisatellite primer pairs via the external software Primer3, and 6) check the specificity of each final PCR product by BLAST. A final file returns to users all the results required to amplify markers. A biological validation of the approach was performed using the whole genome sequence of the phytopathogenic fungus <it>Leptosphaeria maculans</it>, showing that more than 90% of the minisatellite primer pairs generated by the pipeline amplified a PCR product, 44.8% of which showed agarose-gel resolvable polymorphism between isolates. Segregation analyses confirmed that the polymorphic minisatellites corresponded to single-locus markers.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>FONZIE is a stand-alone and user-friendly application developed to minimize tedious manual operations, reduce errors, and speed up the search for efficient minisatellite and microsatellite markers departing from whole-genome sequence data. This pipeline facilitates the integration of data and provides a set of specific primer sequences for PCR amplification of single-locus markers. FONZIE is freely downloadable at: <url>http://www.versailles-grignon.inra.fr/bioger/equipes/leptosphaeria_maculans/outils_d_analyses/fonzie</url></p

    Evolution moleculaire sous pression de selection et implication dans la reconnaissance avrlm3/rlm3 du gene d'avirulence avrlm4-7 chez leptosphaeria maculans

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    Leptosphaeria maculans, agent de la nĂ©crose du collet des crucifĂšres, est un agent pathogĂšne majeur du colza (Brassica napus). La lutte gĂ©nĂ©tique est aujourd hui le procĂ©dĂ© le plus utilisĂ© afin de protĂ©ger les cultures des attaques de ce champignon. Cette mĂ©thode se base principalement sur l utilisation de cultivars possĂ©dant des gĂšnes de rĂ©sistance spĂ©cifique (Rlm) qui permettent le dĂ©clenchement des rĂ©actions de dĂ©fense de la plante parla reconnaissance directe ou indirecte des produits des gĂšnes d avirulence correspondants (AvrLm) prĂ©sents dans la population pathogĂšne. Plusieurs de ces rĂ©sistances ont dĂ©jĂ  Ă©tĂ© massivement dĂ©ployĂ©es en France et dans le monde, connaissant dans un premier temps un fort succĂšs commercial grĂące Ă  la protection fournie, suivie d une perte d efficacitĂ© trĂšs rapide. Avant cette thĂšse, le nombre d Ă©tudes au champ des processus impliquĂ©s dans le contournement d un gĂšne de rĂ©sistance Ă©tait trĂšs limitĂ©, en particulier chez les champignons. L objectif de cette thĂšse Ă©tait d'Ă©tudier l Ă©volution molĂ©culaire du gĂšne d avirulence AvrLm4-7sous pression de sĂ©lection, en profitant de son clonage et de la commercialisation rĂ©cente de cultivars Rlm7, afin d obtenir une Ă©tude prĂ©coce et dĂ©taillĂ©e des mĂ©canismes molĂ©culaires Ă  l origine du contournement d une rĂ©sistance spĂ©cifique. Le gĂšne AvrLm4-7 prĂ©sente l originalitĂ© de coder pour une protĂ©ine responsable d une double spĂ©cificitĂ© d interaction vis-Ă -vis des gĂšnes Rlm4 et Rlm7. Dans un premier temps, j ai pu valider par mutagenĂšse dirigĂ©e le rĂŽle primordial de l acide aminĂ© 120 dont la mutation affecte la reconnaissance d AvrLm4 par Rlm4 sans toutefois altĂ©rer la reconnaissance d AvrLm7 par Rlm7.Le contournement de la rĂ©sistance Rlm7 a Ă©tĂ© ensuite analysĂ© Ă  l aide d une importante collection de souches prĂ©levĂ©e sur deux sites expĂ©rimentaux indĂ©pendants (Grignon ; Versailles) sur une pĂ©riode de trois ans. Sur le premier site Ă©tait cultivĂ©e une variĂ©tĂ© Rlm7 en monoculture avec un travail du sol simplifiĂ© tandis que sur le second site, le mode de culture incluait rotation culturale et enfouissement par labour des rĂ©sidus de cultures. Il a ensuite Ă©tĂ© montrĂ© que, au contraire de la reconnaissance AvrLm4/Rlm4, un grand nombre d Ă©vĂšnements de mutation peuvent ĂȘtre Ă  l origine de la virulence d une souche vis-Ă -vis de Rlm7. L analyse molĂ©culaire des souches virulentes et avirulentes de cette collection a ainsi permis de rĂ©pertorier sept catĂ©gories d Ă©vĂšnements de mutation. La grande majoritĂ© des cas concerne la dĂ©lĂ©tion d AvrLm4-7 mais des mutations dues au RIP et plusieurs autres Ă©vĂšnements de mutation provoquant l introduction prĂ©maturĂ©e de codons stop dans la sĂ©quence codante du gĂšne sont aussi observĂ©s. La majoritĂ© de ces Ă©vĂšnements de mutation sont liĂ©s Ă  la reproduction sexuĂ©e du champignon et ont lieu au sein mĂȘme de la parcelle d Ă©tude. Le phĂ©notypage de cette collection a par ailleurs rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© un fort contraste entre les deux sites expĂ©rimentaux, dĂ©montrant ainsi l importance des pratiques culturales dans le maintien de l efficacitĂ© de la rĂ©sistance Rlm7 dans le temps. En effet, aprĂšs trois annĂ©es de culture de cultivars Rlm7, la frĂ©quence des souches virulentes a7 dans les populations du site de Versailles reste infĂ©rieure Ă  1 % contre environ 30 % sur le site de Grignon. Finalement, le phĂ©notypage de la collection de souches a Ă©galement montrĂ© que le contournement de Rlm7 s accompagnait dans plus de 98% des souches de la rĂ©surgence de l avirulence AvrLm3. Par l Ă©tude de cette collection et par croisements gĂ©nĂ©tiques, j ai pu montrer que AvrLm3 n Ă©tait pas un nouvel allĂšle d avrLm4-7 mais un second gĂšne situĂ© en rĂ©gion tĂ©lomĂ©rique Ă  19.3 cM d AvrLm4-7. J ai Ă©galement dĂ©montrĂ© une interaction fonctionnelle antagoniste entre AvrLm4-7 et AvrLm3 qui empĂȘche la reconnaissance Rlm3 /AvrLm3 en prĂ©sence d AvrLm4-7 et explique la restauration de l avirulence AvrLm3 lors de la perte de l avirulence AvrLm7.Par une association originale de biologie molĂ©culaire, de gĂ©nĂ©tique des populations et d agronomie, j ai ainsi pu apporter une nouvelle illustration Ă  la course aux armements entre un agent pathogĂšne et sa plante hĂŽte, les gĂšnes AvrLm3 et AvrLm4-7 utilisant deux stratĂ©gies distinctes afin d Ă©chapper Ă  la reconnaissance de leurs gĂšnes de rĂ©sistance spĂ©cifiques.Leptosphaeria maculans is a filamentous ascomycete causing stem canker of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). This disease is often controlled by the use of B. napus cultivars harbouring major resistance genes (Rlm). Direct or indirect recognition of the corresponding avirulence protein (AvrLm) in the pathogen triggers plant defence reactions. Several resistances have been massively deployed in France and worldwide, they initially showed commercial success due to the protection provided and in a second time, a very fast decrease of efficiency (resistance breakdown).Prior to this thesis, field studies of resistance gene breakdown mechanisms were rare, especially for fungi. The purpose of this PhD thesis was to study the molecular evolution of the avirulence gene AvrLm4-7 under selection pressure, by exploiting our knowledge of the gene, and the recent release of Rlm7 cultivars, to obtain an early and detailed study of the molecular mechanisms involved in a resistance gene breakdown. AvrLm4-7 induces resistance responses in plant harbouring either Rlm4 or Rlm7 and I validated by targeted point mutagenesis the central role of the amino acid 120 in the avrLm4-7-Rlm4 interaction. Its mutation prevents AvrLm4-7 recognition by Rlm4 without affecting avrLm4-7-Rlm7 recognition.Loss of avirulence towards Rlm7 was then studied by the analysis of an important isolate collection originating from two independent French experimental fields (Grignon; Versailles) over three years. In the first field was cropped Rlm7 cultivars in monoculture with low tillage agronomical practices whereas crop rotation and ploughing were done in the second field. In contrast to AvrLm4-Rlm4 evolution, a great number of mutations were found to explain the gain of virulence towards Rlm7. Seven mutational event categories were found. The great majority of these categories involve AvrLm4-7 deletion but mutation due to RIP and several other mutational events causing premature apparition of stop codons in the coding sequence of the gene were observed too. The majority of these events are linked to the sexual reproduction of the fungus and occurs in the experimental field.In addition, our work showed the importance of the cultural practices in preserving Rlm7 efficacy. Indeed, after three years using Rlm7 cultivars, a7 frequency was below 1% whereas representing around 30% of the isolates observed in Grignon.Finally, phenotyping of the isolate collection also showed the resurgence of an A3 phenotype linked with the loss of AvrLm7 avirulence in more than 98% of the isolates. Genetic analysis and collection phenotyping showed that AvrLm3 is not a new AvrLm4-7 allele but a distinct gene located in a telomeric region at 19.3 cM of AvrLm4-7. I also demonstrated that an antagonistic interaction between AvrLm4-7 and AvrLm3 exists: the presence of Avrlm4-7 prevents Rlm3 to detect AvrLm3 and explains the surge of the AvrLm3 avirulence along with the loss of the AvrLm7 avirulence.By an original association of molecular biology, population genetic and agronomy, this work provided a new illustration of the plant-pathogen arms race, AvrLm3 and AvrLm4-7 using two different strategies to escape their respective resistance genes.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. Ă©lectronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Incidence des ÉlĂ©ments Transposables sur l’évolution des gĂ©nomes des champignons phytopathogĂšnes et sur leur potentiel adaptatif

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    Les champignons phytopathogĂšnes, menace majeure pour la sĂ©curitĂ© alimentaire mondiale, prĂ©sentent une plasticitĂ© de modes de vie remarquable et une extrĂȘme capacitaĂ©` s’adapter aux mĂ©thodes de luttes qui leur sont opposĂ©es par l’homme dans les agro-systĂšmes. La gĂ©nomique et la gĂ©nomique comparative sont utilisĂ©es ici pour Ă©valuer le lien entre plasticitĂ© gĂ©nomique et potentiel Ă©volutif et adaptatif. Une sĂ©rie Ă©volutive de champignons phytopathogĂšnes infĂ©odĂ©s aux crucifĂšres, le complexe d’espĂšces Leptosphaeria maculans-Leptosphaeria biglobosa, a Ă©tĂ© choisi ici comme modĂšle puisqu’il regroupe cinq entitĂ©s dont le statut con- ou hĂ©tĂ©rospĂ©cifique est peu clair mais prĂ©sente des diffĂ©rences de gamme d’hĂŽte ou de pouvoir pathogĂšne. En particulier, l’espĂšce la mieux adaptĂ©e sur le colza (et la plus dommageable pour l’agriculture), L. maculans « brassicae », possĂšde, par rapport aux autres membres du complexe d’espĂšces, un gĂ©nome caractĂ©risĂ© par l’expansion rĂ©cente, mais massive, de quelques familles d’élĂ©ments transposables (ET). Celle-ci a sans doute eu un effet encore peu clair sur la spĂ©ciation, mais a surtout contribuaĂ©` la diversification de molĂ©cules de type « effecteurs », donc Ă  l’acquisition de nouvelles spĂ©cificitĂ©s parasitaires. La localisation des gĂšnes codant pour des effecteurs dans des rĂ©gions gĂ©nomiques enrichies en ET a par ailleurs un effet direct sur l’adaptation aux rĂ©sistances variĂ©tales en favorisant une diversitĂ© d’évĂ©nements mutationnels. Ces donnĂ©es sont confrontĂ©es Ă  d’autres exemples de la littĂ©rature qui tendent Ă  gĂ©nĂ©raliser l’idĂ©e que les champignons phytopathogĂšnes ont, au cours de l’évolution, dĂ©veloppĂ© des « gĂ©nomes Ă  deux vitesses » incluant un compartiment plastique enrichi en ET et en gĂšnes impliquĂ©s dans le pouvoir pathogĂšne et l’adaptation Ă  l’hĂŽte

    structure_CC_geogr_prior_6grps

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    structure input files for analyses using the region of origin of individuals (six regions) as prior information to assist clusterin

    Genetic Variability and Distribution of Mating Type Alleles in Field Populations of Leptosphaeria maculans from France

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    Leptosphaeria maculans is the most ubiquitous fungal pathogen of Brassica crops and causes the devastating stem canker disease of oilseed rape worldwide. We used minisatellite markers to determine the genetic structure of L. maculans in four field populations from France. Isolates were collected at three different spatial scales (leaf, 2-m(2) field plot, and field) enabling the evaluation of spatial distribution of the mating type alleles and of genetic variability within and among field populations. Within each field population, no gametic disequilibrium between the minisatellite loci was detected and the mating type alleles were present at equal frequencies. Both sexual and asexual reproduction occur in the field, but the genetic structure of these populations is consistent with annual cycles of randomly mating sexual reproduction. All L. maculans field populations had a high level of gene diversity (H = 0.68 to 0.75) and genotypic diversity. Within each field population, the number of genotypes often was very close to the number of isolates. Analysis of molecular variance indicated that >99.5% of the total genetic variability was distributed at a small spatial scale, i.e., within 2-m(2) field plots. Population differentiation among the four field populations was low (G(ST) < 0.02), suggesting a high degree of gene exchange between these populations. The high gene flow evidenced here in French populations of L. maculans suggests a rapid countrywide diffusion of novel virulence alleles whenever novel resistance sources are used
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